ICSE – Grade 9 – Biology – Ch 06 – QA

Questions & Answers

ICSE - Grade - 9

Subject: Biology

Chapter - 06 - Seeds - Structure and Germination

Types of Questions

MCQ

  1. What is a seed?
     a) Ovule before fertilisation
     b) Embryo
     c) Mature ovule
     d) Zygote
     Answer: c


  2. Which part of the seed develops into the shoot?
     a) Radicle
     b) Plumule
     c) Cotyledon
     d) Micropyle
     Answer: b


  3. What protects the seed from mechanical injury?
     a) Cotyledons
     b) Embryo
     c) Seed coat
     d) Endosperm
     Answer: c


  4. Which seed has one cotyledon?
     a) Bean
     b) Pea
     c) Maize
     d) Gram
     Answer: c


  5. The scar left on the seed coat after detachment from the fruit is:
     a) Micropyle
     b) Hilum
     c) Tegmen
     d) Testa
     Answer: b


  6. In dicot seeds, food is stored in:
     a) Endosperm
     b) Aleurone layer
     c) Cotyledons
     d) Seed coat
     Answer: c


  7. The micropyle is used for:
     a) Entry of oxygen
     b) Entry of water
     c) Emergence of radicle
     d) All of the above
     Answer: d


  8. What is the function of the aleurone layer in maize grain?
     a) Photosynthesis
     b) Digestion of stored food
     c) Transport of nutrients
     d) Reproduction
     Answer: b


  9. In which of the following is the seed coat fused with fruit wall?
     a) Bean
     b) Pea
     c) Maize
     d) Mustard
     Answer: c


  10. How many cotyledons are found in a bean seed?
     a) One
     b) Two
     c) Three
     d) None
     Answer: b


  11. The coleoptile protects the:
     a) Radicle
     b) Plumule
     c) Cotyledons
     d) Seed coat
     Answer: b


  12. The radicle gives rise to the:
     a) Shoot
     b) Cotyledon
     c) Root
     d) Fruit
     Answer: c


  13. Which of the following is albuminous?
     a) Pea
     b) Bean
     c) Maize
     d) Gram
     Answer: c


  14. Which of the following is an exalbuminous seed?
     a) Maize
     b) Castor
     c) Bean
     d) Coconut
     Answer: c


  15. Viviparous germination is found in:
     a) Bean
     b) Maize
     c) Rhizophora
     d) Mustard
     Answer: c


  16. Which of the following is an example of epigeal germination?
     a) Maize
     b) Pea
     c) Bean
     d) Rice
     Answer: c


  17. Hypogeal germination means:
     a) Cotyledons above soil
     b) Plumule underground
     c) Cotyledons below soil
     d) Seedling develops inside fruit
     Answer: c


  18. Plumule in maize is protected by:
     a) Coleorhiza
     b) Testa
     c) Cotyledon
     d) Coleoptile
     Answer: d


  19. The embryo consists of:
     a) Testa and tegmen
     b) Cotyledons only
     c) Radicle and plumule
     d) Endosperm
     Answer: c


  20. The function of cotyledons is:
     a) Photosynthesis
     b) Absorb water
     c) Store food
     d) Germination
     Answer: c


  21. A seedling is:
     a) Dry dormant seed
     b) Mature ovule
     c) Young plant from embryo
     d) Ovary wall
     Answer: c


  22. Which of the following is a monocot?
     a) Pea
     b) Gram
     c) Maize
     d) Mustard
     Answer: c


  23. Endosperm is absent in:
     a) Coconut
     b) Castor
     c) Maize
     d) Bean
     Answer: d


  24. The protective sheath of radicle in maize is:
     a) Coleoptile
     b) Coleorhiza
     c) Tegmen
     d) Testa
     Answer: b


  25. Seeds require which condition for germination?
     a) Light
     b) Soil
     c) Water
     d) Fruit
     Answer: c


  26. Which part emerges first during germination?
     a) Cotyledon
     b) Plumule
     c) Radicle
     d) Leaf
     Answer: c


  27. Food in monocots is stored in:
     a) Cotyledon
     b) Plumule
     c) Endosperm
     d) Seed coat
     Answer: c


  28. In dicots, number of cotyledons is:
     a) 1
     b) 2
     c) 3
     d) 4
     Answer: b


  29. Which of the following is not necessary for germination?
     a) Water
     b) Air
     c) Light
     d) Suitable temperature
     Answer: c


  30. The outer covering of the seed is called:
     a) Endosperm
     b) Embryo
     c) Testa
     d) Micropyle
     Answer: c


  31. The function of endosperm is:
     a) Photosynthesis
     b) Respiration
     c) Food storage
     d) Germination
     Answer: c


  32. Pea shows which type of germination?
     a) Epigeal
     b) Hypogeal
     c) Viviparous
     d) None
     Answer: b


  33. The seedling develops from:
     a) Hilum
     b) Micropyle
     c) Embryo
     d) Seed coat
     Answer: c


  34. Maize grain is a:
     a) Monocot seed
     b) Dicot seed
     c) Fruit
     d) Both a and c
     Answer: d


  35. Which plant shows epigeal germination?
     a) Maize
     b) Bean
     c) Pea
     d) Rice
     Answer: b


  36. Vivipary is common in:
     a) Coconut
     b) Rice
     c) Mangrove
     d) Castor
     Answer: c


  37. Function of hilum is:
     a) Germination
     b) Entry of oxygen
     c) Attachment point
     d) Protection
     Answer: c


  38. What protects plumule in monocots?
     a) Coleorhiza
     b) Endosperm
     c) Coleoptile
     d) Scutellum
     Answer: c


  39. Which of the following stores food in bean seed?
     a) Endosperm
     b) Aleurone
     c) Cotyledon
     d) Embryo
     Answer: c


  40. A seed is formed after:
     a) Pollination
     b) Germination
     c) Fertilisation
     d) Ovary formation
     Answer: c


  41. Germination begins with:
     a) Cotyledon opening
     b) Plumule growth
     c) Radicle emergence
     d) Endosperm digestion
     Answer: c


  42. What is the function of scutellum in maize?
     a) Germination
     b) Absorb food
     c) Protect plumule
     d) Protect radicle
     Answer: b


  43. The thin inner layer of the seed coat is:
     a) Testa
     b) Hilum
     c) Tegmen
     d) Micropyle
     Answer: c


  44. A seed contains:
     a) Embryo only
     b) Embryo + food
     c) Endosperm only
     d) Cotyledons only
     Answer: b


  45. Cotyledons in dicots:
     a) Absorb water
     b) Absorb food
     c) Store food
     d) Germinate
     Answer: c


  46. Which part absorbs water first?
     a) Cotyledon
     b) Plumule
     c) Testa
     d) Micropyle
     Answer: d


  47. Germination in Rhizophora is:
     a) Epigeal
     b) Hypogeal
     c) Viviparous
     d) Albuminous
     Answer: c


  48. First visible sign of germination:
     a) Cotyledons swell
     b) Radicle emerges
     c) Plumule elongates
     d) Testa breaks
     Answer: b


  49. What is testa?
     a) Scar
     b) Outer seed coat
     c) Inner coat
     d) Food layer
     Answer: b


  50. What helps the seedling fix in soil in vivipary?
     a) Plumule
     b) Testa
     c) Radicle
     d) Cotyledon
     Answer: c

Fill in the Blanks

  1. A seed is a mature ______.
     Answer: ovule


  2. The outer covering of the seed is called ______.
     Answer: seed coat


  3. The seed coat is made up of two layers: ______ and ______.
     Answer: testa, tegmen


  4. The scar on the seed coat indicating the point of attachment is called the ______.
     Answer: hilum


  5. The small pore on the seed coat through which water enters is the ______.
     Answer: micropyle


  6. The ______ is the future shoot of the plant.
     Answer: plumule


  7. The ______ is the future root of the plant.
     Answer: radicle


  8. In bean seeds, food is stored in the ______.
     Answer: cotyledons


  9. The embryo consists of the ______ and ______.
     Answer: radicle, plumule


  10. A seed with two cotyledons is called a ______.
     Answer: dicotyledon


  11. A seed with one cotyledon is called a ______.
     Answer: monocotyledon


  12. Maize is an example of a ______ seed.
     Answer: monocot


  13. Bean is an example of a ______ seed.
     Answer: dicot


  14. The ______ layer in maize helps digest stored food.
     Answer: aleurone


  15. ______ is the protective sheath around the plumule in monocots.
     Answer: coleoptile


  16. ______ is the protective sheath around the radicle in monocots.
     Answer: coleorhiza


  17. In monocots, food is stored in the ______.
     Answer: endosperm


  18. Seeds with endosperm are called ______.
     Answer: albuminous


  19. Seeds without endosperm are called ______.
     Answer: exalbuminous


  20. Bean is an example of an ______ seed.
     Answer: exalbuminous


  21. Maize is an example of an ______ seed.
     Answer: albuminous


  22. The process by which a seed develops into a seedling is called ______.
     Answer: germination


  23. Germination requires water, ______ and ______.
     Answer: oxygen, suitable temperature


  24. In ______ germination, cotyledons remain below the ground.
     Answer: hypogeal


  25. In ______ germination, cotyledons come above the ground.
     Answer: epigeal


  26. Bean shows ______ germination.
     Answer: epigeal


  27. Maize shows ______ germination.
     Answer: hypogeal


  28. ______ germination occurs when seeds begin to grow while still attached to the parent plant.
     Answer: viviparous


  29. Vivipary is seen in ______.
     Answer: Rhizophora


  30. The seedling develops from the ______.
     Answer: embryo


  31. ______ is a young plant formed from a germinating seed.
     Answer: seedling


  32. The ______ absorbs water during germination.
     Answer: micropyle


  33. Cotyledons in dicot seeds act as ______ storage.
     Answer: food


  34. The ______ helps the radicle emerge during germination.
     Answer: micropyle


  35. ______ protects the embryo in a seed.
     Answer: seed coat


  36. A maize grain is actually a ______.
     Answer: fruit


  37. The ______ is a thick, outer layer of the seed coat.
     Answer: testa


  38. In monocots, the single cotyledon is called the ______.
     Answer: scutellum


  39. Germination in pea seeds is of the ______ type.
     Answer: hypogeal


  40. The primary function of cotyledons is to provide ______.
     Answer: nourishment


  41. A seed is formed after the process of ______.
     Answer: fertilisation


  42. The ______ is the nutrient-rich tissue in monocot seeds.
     Answer: endosperm


  43. ______ are plants that grow in saline or marshy areas and show vivipary.
     Answer: Mangroves


  44. The ______ is the first part of the embryo to emerge.
     Answer: radicle


  45. The cotyledons in monocots do not come ______ the soil during germination.
     Answer: above


  46. The ______ breaks during germination to allow the embryo to grow.
     Answer: seed coat


  47. The ______ layer surrounds the endosperm in monocots.
     Answer: aleurone


  48. The fusion of seed coat and fruit wall is seen in ______.
     Answer: maize


  49. The radicle grows downward and forms the ______.
     Answer: root


  50. The plumule grows upward and forms the ______.
     Answer: shoot

Name the Following

  1. Name the outer tough layer of a seed.
     Answer: Testa


  2. Name the inner thin membrane of a seed coat.
     Answer: Tegmen


  3. Name the scar on a seed marking its point of attachment.
     Answer: Hilum


  4. Name the pore in the seed coat through which water enters.
     Answer: Micropyle


  5. Name the part of the embryo that develops into the root.
     Answer: Radicle


  6. Name the part of the embryo that develops into the shoot.
     Answer: Plumule


  7. Name the seed type with one cotyledon.
     Answer: Monocotyledon


  8. Name the seed type with two cotyledons.
     Answer: Dicotyledon


  9. Name the food-storing tissue in monocot seeds.
     Answer: Endosperm


  10. Name the layer that surrounds the endosperm in maize.
     Answer: Aleurone layer


  11. Name the sheath that protects the plumule in maize.
     Answer: Coleoptile


  12. Name the sheath that protects the radicle in maize.
     Answer: Coleorhiza


  13. Name the seed which is albuminous and monocot.
     Answer: Maize grain


  14. Name the seed which is exalbuminous and dicot.
     Answer: Bean seed


  15. Name the process by which a seed develops into a seedling.
     Answer: Germination


  16. Name the type of germination where cotyledons come above ground.
     Answer: Epigeal germination


  17. Name the type of germination where cotyledons remain below ground.
     Answer: Hypogeal germination


  18. Name the special germination found in Rhizophora.
     Answer: Viviparous germination


  19. Name the young plant that emerges from a germinating seed.
     Answer: Seedling


  20. Name the ripened ovary that contains seeds.
     Answer: Fruit


  21. Name the fused seed-fruit structure in wheat.
     Answer: Grain


  22. Name two examples of exalbuminous seeds.
     Answer: Pea and bean


  23. Name two examples of albuminous seeds.
     Answer: Maize and castor


  24. Name the point of entry for oxygen during germination.
     Answer: Micropyle


  25. Name the condition of temperature needed for germination.
     Answer: Suitable (optimum) temperature


  26. Name the type of dormancy broken by water uptake.
     Answer: Seed dormancy


  27. Name the first visible sign of germination.
     Answer: Radicle emergence


  28. Name the part that stores food in a dicot seed.
     Answer: Cotyledons


  29. Name the single cotyledon in a maize grain.
     Answer: Scutellum


  30. Name the term for a mature ovule after fertilisation.
     Answer: Seed


  31. Name the tissue that supplies nutrition to the embryo in albuminous seeds.
     Answer: Endosperm


  32. Name the characteristic that distinguishes monocots from dicots in seeds.
     Answer: Number of cotyledons


  33. Name the membrane between testa and embryo in a bean seed.
     Answer: Tegmen


  34. Name the storage organ in a bean seed.
     Answer: Cotyledon


  35. Name the structure fused with the seed coat in a grain.
     Answer: Fruit wall (pericarp)


  36. Name the type of germination in pea seeds.
     Answer: Hypogeal germination


  37. Name the type of germination in bean seeds.
     Answer: Epigeal germination


  38. Name the hormonal trigger for germination activated by water.
     Answer: Gibberellin


  39. Name the stage when seed metabolism begins.
     Answer: Imbibition


  40. Name the storage protein layer in cereal grains.
     Answer: Aleurone layer


  41. Name the crop whose seed is non-albuminous and dicot.
     Answer: Pea


  42. Name the process by which seeds become dormant.
     Answer: Seed maturation


  43. Name the protective feature preventing seed desiccation.
     Answer: Seed coat


  44. Name the process of seed dispersal by water in mangroves.
     Answer: Vivipary


  45. Name the term for seed leaves in dicots.
     Answer: Cotyledons


  46. Name the root-forming region of the embryo.
     Answer: Radicle


  47. Name the shoot-forming region of the embryo.
     Answer: Plumule


  48. Name the seed type where embryo food is in cotyledons.
     Answer: Exalbuminous seed


  49. Name the gas required for seed respiration during germination.
     Answer: Oxygen


  50. Name the biochemical activation that follows imbibition.
     Answer: Enzyme activation

Answer in One Word

  1. The outermost layer of the seed.
     Answer: Testa


  2. The inner thin covering of the seed coat.
     Answer: Tegmen


  3. Scar left on the seed where it was attached to the fruit wall.
     Answer: Hilum


  4. Tiny pore present near the hilum.
     Answer: Micropyle


  5. Future root in the seed embryo.
     Answer: Radicle


  6. Future shoot in the seed embryo.
     Answer: Plumule


  7. Storage organ in dicot seeds.
     Answer: Cotyledon


  8. Protective covering of the embryo.
     Answer: Seed coat


  9. Number of cotyledons in maize.
     Answer: One


  10. Number of cotyledons in bean.
     Answer: Two


  11. Food-storing tissue in maize.
     Answer: Endosperm


  12. Layer that surrounds the endosperm in maize.
     Answer: Aleurone


  13. Protective sheath over radicle in monocot.
     Answer: Coleorhiza


  14. Protective sheath over plumule in monocot.
     Answer: Coleoptile


  15. Type of seed with one cotyledon.
     Answer: Monocot


  16. Type of seed with two cotyledons.
     Answer: Dicot


  17. Type of seed without endosperm.
     Answer: Exalbuminous


  18. Type of seed with endosperm.
     Answer: Albuminous


  19. Example of monocot seed.
     Answer: Maize


  20. Example of dicot seed.
     Answer: Bean


  21. Germination in which cotyledons remain below soil.
     Answer: Hypogeal


  22. Germination in which cotyledons come above soil.
     Answer: Epigeal


  23. Type of germination in maize.
     Answer: Hypogeal


  24. Type of germination in bean.
     Answer: Epigeal


  25. First structure to emerge during germination.
     Answer: Radicle


  26. Term for seed developing into a seedling.
     Answer: Germination


  27. Essential gas required for germination.
     Answer: Oxygen


  28. Seed with no free endosperm at maturity.
     Answer: Exalbuminous


  29. Process of seed absorbing water.
     Answer: Imbibition


  30. Example of viviparous germination.
     Answer: Rhizophora


  31. Seedling root arises from this part.
     Answer: Radicle


  32. Seedling shoot arises from this part.
     Answer: Plumule


  33. Ripened ovule.
     Answer: Seed


  34. Ripened ovary.
     Answer: Fruit


  35. One-seeded fruit fused with seed coat.
     Answer: Grain


  36. Part of seed which stores food in dicots.
     Answer: Cotyledon


  37. Seed type of pea.
     Answer: Dicot


  38. Seed type of rice.
     Answer: Monocot


  39. Thin layer between endosperm and outer layers in maize.
     Answer: Aleurone


  40. Young plant from germinated seed.
     Answer: Seedling


  41. A dormant but living structure.
     Answer: Seed


  42. Monocot cotyledon in maize.
     Answer: Scutellum


  43. Germination found in mangroves.
     Answer: Viviparous


  44. Main reserve food in seed.
     Answer: Starch


  45. Seed type of castor.
     Answer: Albuminous


  46. Cotyledon comes out above soil in this germination.
     Answer: Epigeal


  47. Seed part that helps in absorption of water.
     Answer: Micropyle


  48. First step of germination.
     Answer: Imbibition


  49. Structure protecting the embryo.
     Answer: Seed coat


  50. Condition when embryo resumes growth.
     Answer: Germination

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Find the Odd Man Out

  1. Testa, Tegmen, Cotyledon, Hilum
     Answer: Cotyledon
     Explanation: Others are parts of the seed coat; cotyledon is part of the embryo.


  2. Plumule, Radicle, Coleoptile, Aleurone
     Answer: Aleurone
     Explanation: Aleurone is a food layer; others are parts of the embryo.


  3. Maize, Wheat, Barley, Pea
     Answer: Pea
     Explanation: Pea is a dicot seed; others are monocot seeds.


  4. Micropyle, Hilum, Scutellum, Testa
     Answer: Scutellum
     Explanation: Scutellum is part of the embryo; others are external seed parts.


  5. Albuminous, Exalbuminous, Coleoptile, Endospermic
     Answer: Coleoptile
     Explanation: Coleoptile is a protective sheath; others relate to endosperm presence.


  6. Plumule, Radicle, Hilum, Cotyledon
     Answer: Hilum
     Explanation: Hilum is a scar; others are parts of the embryo.


  7. Bean, Pea, Gram, Rice
     Answer: Rice
     Explanation: Rice is monocot; others are dicots.


  8. Coleorhiza, Coleoptile, Radicle, Tegmen
     Answer: Tegmen
     Explanation: Tegmen is part of seed coat; others are monocot embryo parts.


  9. Oxygen, Water, Light, Temperature
     Answer: Light
     Explanation: Light is not essential for germination; others are necessary.


  10. Aleurone, Cotyledon, Endosperm, Seed coat
     Answer: Seed coat
     Explanation: Others are food storage structures; seed coat is protective.


  11. Maize, Rice, Bean, Wheat
     Answer: Bean
     Explanation: Bean is dicot; others are monocots.


  12. Radicle, Embryo, Plumule, Endosperm
     Answer: Endosperm
     Explanation: Endosperm is nutritive; others form the developing plant.


  13. Fruit, Seed, Grain, Leaf
     Answer: Leaf
     Explanation: Leaf is not a reproductive part; others are.


  14. Micropyle, Hilum, Embryo, Pericarp
     Answer: Embryo
     Explanation: Embryo is living; others are outer seed structures.


  15. Water, Seed coat, Oxygen, Temperature
     Answer: Seed coat
     Explanation: Seed coat is not a condition; others are required for germination.


  16. Viviparous, Hypogeal, Epigeal, Endosperm
     Answer: Endosperm
     Explanation: Endosperm is food tissue; others are types of germination.


  17. Wheat, Maize, Barley, Gram
     Answer: Gram
     Explanation: Gram is dicot; others are monocots.


  18. Coleoptile, Radicle, Aleurone, Plumule
     Answer: Aleurone
     Explanation: Aleurone is nutritive; others are embryonic structures.


  19. Pea, Bean, Gram, Rice
     Answer: Rice
     Explanation: Rice is monocot; others are dicots.


  20. Hilum, Micropyle, Coleoptile, Testa
     Answer: Coleoptile
     Explanation: Coleoptile is present only in monocots; others in all seeds.


  21. Plumule, Endosperm, Cotyledon, Radicle
     Answer: Endosperm
     Explanation: Endosperm is not part of the embryo; others are.


  22. Coleorhiza, Plumule, Radicle, Ovary
     Answer: Ovary
     Explanation: Ovary is pre-fertilization structure; others are seed parts.


  23. Scutellum, Cotyledon, Seed coat, Endosperm
     Answer: Seed coat
     Explanation: Seed coat is protective; others are nutritive.


  24. Bean, Mango, Gram, Rice
     Answer: Rice
     Explanation: Rice is monocot; others are dicots.


  25. Aleurone, Endosperm, Scutellum, Ovary
     Answer: Ovary
     Explanation: Ovary is a fruit part; others relate to the seed.


  26. Hypogeal, Plumule, Epigeal, Viviparous
     Answer: Plumule
     Explanation: Plumule is a part of seed; others are types of germination.


  27. Maize, Sorghum, Millet, Pea
     Answer: Pea
     Explanation: Pea is dicot; others are monocots.


  28. Cotyledon, Endosperm, Aleurone, Ovule
     Answer: Ovule
     Explanation: Ovule is unfertilized; others are post-fertilization structures.


  29. Plumule, Seedling, Radicle, Cotyledon
     Answer: Seedling
     Explanation: Seedling is a developmental stage; others are seed parts.


  30. Rhizophora, Bean, Pea, Gram
     Answer: Rhizophora
     Explanation: Rhizophora shows vivipary; others do not.


  31. Fruit, Seed, Testa, Embryo
     Answer: Fruit
     Explanation: Fruit is external to seed; others are seed parts.


  32. Seed, Grain, Fruit, Ovary
     Answer: Ovary
     Explanation: Ovary is a plant organ; others are post-fertilization products.


  33. Radicle, Cotyledon, Embryo, Aleurone
     Answer: Aleurone
     Explanation: Aleurone is endosperm-related; others are embryo parts.


  34. Coleorhiza, Coleoptile, Endosperm, Plumule
     Answer: Endosperm
     Explanation: Endosperm is not protective; others are coverings.


  35. Pea, Bean, Mango, Rice
     Answer: Rice
     Explanation: Rice is monocot; others are dicots.


  36. Germination, Imbibition, Respiration, Photosynthesis
     Answer: Photosynthesis
     Explanation: Photosynthesis is not involved during early germination.


  37. Testa, Tegmen, Cotyledon, Embryo
     Answer: Cotyledon
     Explanation: Cotyledon is embryonic; others are coverings.


  38. Grain, Ovary, Seed, Ovule
     Answer: Ovary
     Explanation: Ovary encloses ovule; others relate to the seed.


  39. Coleoptile, Seed coat, Coleorhiza, Testa
     Answer: Seed coat
     Explanation: Seed coat is general term; others are monocot structures.


  40. Water, Temperature, Micropyle, Oxygen
     Answer: Micropyle
     Explanation: Micropyle is a structure; others are germination conditions.


  41. Seed, Fruit, Ovary, Flower
     Answer: Flower
     Explanation: Flower is the origin; others are products.


  42. Cotyledon, Coleoptile, Scutellum, Endosperm
     Answer: Cotyledon
     Explanation: Cotyledon belongs to dicots; others to monocots.


  43. Bean, Gram, Maize, Pea
     Answer: Maize
     Explanation: Maize is monocot; others are dicots.


  44. Hilum, Tegmen, Ovary, Micropyle
     Answer: Ovary
     Explanation: Ovary is not part of seed; others are.


  45. Plumule, Radicle, Cotyledon, Fruit wall
     Answer: Fruit wall
     Explanation: Fruit wall is not part of embryo.


  46. Aleurone, Cotyledon, Seed coat, Endosperm
     Answer: Seed coat
     Explanation: Seed coat is protective; others are nutritive.


  47. Rhizophora, Pea, Bean, Gram
     Answer: Rhizophora
     Explanation: Rhizophora shows vivipary; others do not.


  48. Maize, Sorghum, Rice, Mango
     Answer: Mango
     Explanation: Mango is dicot; others are monocots.


  49. Radicle, Coleoptile, Plumule, Hilum
     Answer: Hilum
     Explanation: Hilum is not an embryonic structure; others are.


  50. Grain, Seed, Fruit, Root
     Answer: Root
     Explanation: Root is vegetative; others are reproductive products.

Match the Pair

Set 1:

Column A

  1. Dicot Seed
  2. Endosperm
  3. Micropyle
  4. Maize Seed
  5. Germination

Column B
 A. Single cotyledon
 B. Food store in cotyledons
 C. Small pore for water and oxygen entry
 D. Hypogeal germination
 E. Process of seed sprouting

Correct Answers:
 1 – B
 2 – C
 3 – A
 4 – D
 5 – E

Set 2:

Column A

  1. Plumule
  2. Cotyledons
  3. Bean Seed
  4. Endosperm
  5. Seed Coat

Column B
 A. Protects the embryo
 B. Absorbs food in monocots
 C. The embryonic root
 D. Contains food for the developing plant
 E. Future shoot of the plant

Correct Answers:
 1 – E
 2 – B
 3 – A
 4 – D
 5 – C

Set 3:

Column A

  1. Hypogeal Germination
  2. Coleoptile
  3. Exalbuminous Seed
  4. Rhizophora
  5. Tegmen

Column B
 A. Monocot seed covering
 B. Absence of endosperm
 C. Seed germinates below ground
 D. Viviparous germination
 E. Protects the radicle in maize

Correct Answers:
 1 – C
 2 – E
 3 – B
 4 – D
 5 – A

Set 4:

Column A

  1. Cotyledon
  2. Aleurone Layer
  3. Dicot Seed
  4. Seedling
  5. Germination

Column B
 A. Storage tissue of seeds
 B. Formed after fertilization
 C. Embryo begins to develop
 D. Absorbs food from endosperm in monocots
 E. Type of seed that has two cotyledons

Correct Answers:
 1 – A
 2 – D
 3 – E
 4 – C
 5 – B

Set 5:

Column A

  1. Maize Seed
  2. Micropyle
  3. Radicle
  4. Germination
  5. Viviparous Germination

Column B
 A. The first root in a seedling
 B. Seed absorbs water
 C. Seed scar on the fruit wall
 D. Seedling grows while attached to the plant
 E. Monocot seed with one cotyledon

Correct Answers:
 1 – E
 2 – C
 3 – A
 4 – B
 5 – D

Set 6:

Column A

  1. Albuminous Seed
  2. Scutellum
  3. Hypogeal Germination
  4. Tegmen
  5. Seed Coat

Column B
 A. Protective layer of seed
 B. Absorbs food in monocot seeds
 C. Single cotyledon
 D. Germination with cotyledons below ground
 E. Endosperm remains in the seed

Correct Answers:
 1 – E
 2 – B
 3 – D
 4 – A
 5 – C

Set 7:

Column A

  1. Bean Seed
  2. Testa
  3. Micropyle
  4. Endosperm
  5. Coleorhiza

Column B
 A. Outer seed coat
 B. Absence of endosperm
 C. Protects the radicle in maize
 D. Small pore for water entry
 E. Provides food for the embryo

Correct Answers:
 1 – B
 2 – A
 3 – D
 4 – E
 5 – C

Set 8:

Column A

  1. Cotyledons
  2. Scutellum
  3. Bean Seed
  4. Endosperm
  5. Radicle

Column B
 A. Forms the root system
 B. Absorbs food from endosperm in monocots
 C. Type of seed that has two cotyledons
 D. Food store in exalbuminous seeds
 E. First leaves of the seedling

Correct Answers:
 1 – E
 2 – B
 3 – C
 4 – D
 5 – A

Set 9:

Column A

  1. Viviparous Germination
  2. Coleoptile
  3. Radicle
  4. Maize Grain
  5. Cotyledons

Column B
 A. Embryo root
 B. Seedling grows inside the fruit
 C. Protective layer for the shoot
 D. Monocot seed
 E. Stores food for the seed

Correct Answers:
 1 – B
 2 – C
 3 – A
 4 – D
 5 – E

Set 10:

Column A

  1. Hypogeal Germination
  2. Cotyledons
  3. Embryo
  4. Pea Seed
  5. Germination Process

Column B
 A. First part of the plant to emerge from the seed
 B. Two cotyledons, above ground
 C. The future plant in miniature
 D. Growth of seed into a new plant
 E. Monocot seed showing below-ground cotyledons

Correct Answers:
 1 – E
 2 – B
 3 – C
 4 – A
 5 – D

Short Answer Questions  

  1. What is a seed?
     A seed is a fertilized ovule that contains the embryo, a food reserve, and is encased in a seed coat.


  2. What is the function of the seed coat?
     The seed coat protects the embryo from physical damage, drying out, and disease.


  3. What are the two main types of seeds based on the number of cotyledons?
     Monocotyledons (one cotyledon) and dicotyledons (two cotyledons).


  4. What is the difference between albuminous and exalbuminous seeds?
     Albuminous seeds have endosperm that remains in the seed to provide food, while exalbuminous seeds store food in the cotyledons.


  5. What is a cotyledon?
     A cotyledon is the first leaf or seed leaf that provides food to the embryo in a developing seed.


  6. What is the function of the radicle?
     The radicle is the embryonic root that grows and anchors the seedling to the soil.


  7. What is the plumule?
     The plumule is the embryonic shoot that develops into the stem and leaves of the plant.


  8. What is the role of the micropyle in seed germination?
     The micropyle allows water and oxygen to enter the seed, triggering germination.


  9. What are the types of germination?
     The two types of germination are hypogeal germination and epigeal germination.


  10. What is the main characteristic of hypogeal germination?
     In hypogeal germination, the cotyledons remain below the soil surface while the stem grows above.


  11. What is the main characteristic of epigeal germination?
     In epigeal germination, the cotyledons rise above the soil surface as the seedling grows.


  12. What is the function of the coleoptile in maize seeds?
     The coleoptile protects the young shoot as it emerges from the soil.


  13. What is viviparous germination?
     Viviparous germination is when seeds begin to sprout while still attached to the parent plant, such as in Rhizophora.


  14. What is the difference between the seed structure of maize and bean seeds?
     Maize seeds have one cotyledon (monocot), while bean seeds have two cotyledons (dicot).


  15. What is the role of the aleurone layer in maize seeds?
     The aleurone layer releases enzymes that help break down stored food in the endosperm during germination.


  16. What is the hilum of a seed?
     The hilum is the scar on the seed where it was attached to the ovary wall.


  17. What is the primary function of the cotyledons in dicot seeds?
     The cotyledons store food and provide nutrients to the developing embryo.


  18. What is the function of the seed’s testa?
     The testa is the outer protective layer of the seed that shields the embryo from damage.


  19. What is the scutellum in monocot seeds?
     The scutellum is a single cotyledon in monocot seeds that absorbs food from the endosperm.


  20. What is the importance of oxygen in seed germination?
     Oxygen is necessary for cellular respiration, which provides energy for the growing embryo during germination.


  21. What is the role of water in seed germination?
     Water activates enzymes that break down stored food, allowing the embryo to grow and develop.


  22. What is the purpose of the coleorhiza in maize seeds?
     The coleorhiza protects the radicle during germination in maize seeds.


  23. What does the process of seed germination involve?
     Seed germination involves the absorption of water, growth of the embryo, and the emergence of the root and shoot.


  24. What is the role of the embryo in a seed?
     The embryo is the young plant that will develop into the mature plant once germination occurs.


  25. What happens to the endosperm during the germination of monocot seeds?
     The endosperm provides nutrients to the growing embryo until the seedling is capable of photosynthesis.


  26. What is the importance of temperature in seed germination?
     A suitable temperature is required for enzymes to work efficiently and for the seed to begin the germination process.


  27. What is the difference between a monocot and a dicot seed?
     Monocots have one cotyledon, and dicots have two cotyledons.


  28. What is the role of the embryo in seedling development?
     The embryo develops into the root, shoot, and leaves of the plant as the seedling grows.


  29. How does the seedling obtain food after germination?
     The seedling first relies on the food stored in the cotyledons or endosperm until it can start photosynthesis.


  30. What is the function of the tegmen in a seed?
     The tegmen is the inner layer of the seed coat that protects the embryo.


  31. What happens when a seed is deprived of water?
     The seed remains dormant and cannot germinate without sufficient water.


  32. What is the importance of light in seed germination?
     Some seeds require light to initiate germination, while others can germinate in darkness.


  33. How does viviparous germination differ from regular seed germination?
     Viviparous germination occurs while the seed is still attached to the parent plant, unlike regular germination, where the seed is detached.


  34. What is the role of the cotyledons in providing food to the embryo?
     The cotyledons store food and provide it to the embryo until the plant can make its own food through photosynthesis.


  35. What is the significance of the radicle in seedling growth?
     The radicle anchors the seedling into the soil and absorbs water and nutrients for growth.


  36. What is the process of seed dormancy?
     Seed dormancy is a period when seeds are inactive and unable to germinate due to unfavorable conditions.


  37. What is the function of the embryo sac in seeds?
     The embryo sac is the structure inside the ovule where fertilization occurs, leading to seed formation.


  38. What is the primary difference between the cotyledons of monocots and dicots?
     Monocots have one cotyledon, while dicots have two cotyledons.


  39. What is the role of the seed’s micropyle during germination?
     The micropyle allows water and oxygen to enter the seed to start the germination process.


  40. What is the significance of the seed coat in relation to seed dormancy?
     The seed coat protects the seed from environmental factors and may prevent premature germination during unfavorable conditions.


  41. How does epigeal germination differ from hypogeal germination?
     In epigeal germination, the cotyledons emerge above ground, while in hypogeal germination, they remain underground.


  42. What does the term “seedling” refer to?
     A seedling is a young plant that has just begun to grow from a seed after germination.


  43. What is the function of the coleoptile in germination?
     The coleoptile protects the developing shoot during its growth through the soil.


  44. What is the role of the endosperm in monocot seeds?
     The endosperm provides stored food for the developing embryo in monocot seeds.


  45. What is the role of the hilum in seed structure?
     The hilum is the scar on the seed where it was attached to the ovary wall during its development.


  46. What is the difference between a seed and a fruit?
     A seed is a reproductive structure that develops into a new plant, while a fruit is the mature ovary that contains seeds.


  47. How does water help in seed germination?
     Water activates enzymes that break down stored food, which is needed for the growth of the embryo.


  48. What happens to the seed after it germinates?
     After germination, the seedling grows, develops roots, stems, and leaves, and starts photosynthesizing.


  49. What is the function of the tegmen in a seed?
     The tegmen is the inner layer of the seed coat that protects the embryo.


  50. Why is oxygen essential for seed germination?
     Oxygen is required for cellular respiration, which provides energy for the embryo to grow.

Puzzles

  1. I am the first part of the embryo to emerge during germination. Who am I?
    Radicle
  2. I protect the shoot in monocot seeds during germination. Who am I?
    Coleoptile
  3. I am found only in albuminous seeds and store food. Who am I?
    Endosperm
  4. I am a tiny pore on the seed coat that absorbs water. Who am I?
    Micropyle
  5. I am the seed where food is stored in cotyledons, not in endosperm. What type am I?
    Exalbuminous seed
  6. I am the protective outer layer of the seed. Who am I?
    Testa
  7. I am the process where a seed develops into a seedling. What am I?
    Germination
  8. I am the underground cotyledon germination type. What am I?
    Hypogeal
  9. I am the germination type where cotyledons come above the soil. What am I?
    Epigeal
  10. I help absorb nutrients from the endosperm in maize. Who am I?
    Scutellum
  11. My seed coat is fused with the fruit wall. Who am I?
    Maize grain
  12. I help in pushing the cotyledons above the ground in epigeal germination. Who am I?
    Hypocotyl
  13. I am a dicotyledonous seed often used in lab experiments. Who am I?
    Bean seed
  14. I am found only in monocots and cover the root tip. Who am I?
    Coleorhiza
  15. I’m the plant known for viviparous germination. Who am I?
    Rhizophora
  16. I release enzymes from the aleurone layer. What am I made of?
    Protein
  17. I am required to soften the seed coat. What do I represent?
    Water
  18. I help in respiration during germination. What am I?
    Oxygen
  19. I am the layer that protects the inner seed parts along with testa. Who am I?
    Tegmen
  20. I’m the leaf part that first appears in a new seedling. What am I?
    Cotyledon
  21. Without me, energy cannot be released during germination. What am I?
    Oxygen
  22. I store food in maize but not in bean. What am I?
    Endosperm
  23. You find me in monocots but not in dicots. I’m a protective sheath. Who am I?
    Coleoptile
  24. I am the root in embryo. Who am I?
    Radicle
  25. You need me to activate enzymes during germination. What am I?
    Water
  26. I am the condition that allows enzyme activity but can damage seeds if extreme. What am I?
    Temperature
  27. I protect the seed until conditions are favorable. What am I?
    Seed coat
  28. My name starts with ‘H’, and I stay below the soil in germination. What am I?
    Hypogeal
  29. I come out first from the seed during germination. What am I?
    Radicle
  30. My function is to develop into shoot. Who am I?
    Plumule
  31. I allow gases to enter the seed. What am I?
    Micropyle
  32. I am the visible scar on the seed where it was attached to the pod. Who am I?
    Hilum
  33. I am the part where both seed coats are thinner. Who am I?
    Micropyle
  34. I form the shoot system after germination. What am I?
    Plumule
  35. I’m the type of seed that stores food in cotyledons. What am I?
    Dicotyledonous seed
  36. I release digestive enzymes in maize grain. Who am I?
    Aleurone layer
  37. I’m the outer layer that covers the seed. What is my name?
    Testa
  38. I’m the seed germination type in pea. What am I?
    Hypogeal germination
  39. I’m the term used when the seed germinates while still on the plant. Who am I?
    Vivipary
  40. I nourish the embryo in albuminous seeds. What am I?
    Endosperm
  41. I am the outer covering of monocot seed. What am I?
    Seed coat
  42. I connect the seed to the fruit wall in dicots. What am I?
    Hilum
  43. You find me only in maize but not in bean. Who am I?
    Scutellum
  44. I carry the future plant within me. What am I?
    Seed
  45. I am the scar left after seed detaches from fruit. What am I?
    Hilum
  46. I’m the embryonic shoot covered by coleoptile. Who am I?
    Plumule
  47. I am the natural seed covering derived from integuments. Who am I?
    Testa
  48. I am the embryonic part that forms root system. Who am I?
    Radicle
  49. I disappear in dicot seeds but remain in monocot. What am I?
    Endosperm
  50. I provide protection to growing roots in monocot germination. What am I?
    Coleorhiza

Difference Between:

  1. Difference between Seed and Grain
  • Seed is a matured ovule containing an embryo.
  • Grain is a seed that is fused with the fruit wall (as in cereals like maize and wheat).
  1. Difference between Fruit and Seed
  • Fruit is a matured ovary that contains seeds.
  • Seed is a matured ovule found inside the fruit.
  1. Difference between Monocot and Dicot Seeds
  • Monocot seeds have one cotyledon.
  • Dicot seeds have two cotyledons.
  1. Difference between Albuminous and Exalbuminous Seeds
  • Albuminous seeds retain endosperm as food storage (e.g., maize).
  • Exalbuminous seeds consume the endosperm during development (e.g., bean).
  1. Difference between Testa and Tegmen
  • Testa is the outer, hard, and protective seed coat.
  • Tegmen is the inner, thin and delicate membrane beneath testa.
  1. Difference between Radicle and Plumule
  • Radicle is the embryonic root, which grows downward.
  • Plumule is the embryonic shoot, which grows upward.
  1. Difference between Epigeal and Hypogeal Germination
  • In epigeal germination, cotyledons come above the ground (e.g., bean).
  • In hypogeal germination, cotyledons remain below the ground (e.g., maize).
  1. Difference between Bean Seed and Maize Grain (Cotyledons)
  • Bean seed has two cotyledons.
  • Maize grain has one cotyledon.
  1. Difference between Bean Seed and Maize Grain (Endosperm)
  • Bean seed is exalbuminous (no endosperm at maturity).
  • Maize grain is albuminous (endosperm present at maturity).
  1. Difference between Bean Seed and Maize Grain (Germination Type)
  • Bean shows epigeal germination.
  • Maize shows hypogeal germination.
  1. Difference between Cotyledons and Endosperm
  • Cotyledons are part of the embryo and may store food.
  • Endosperm is a nutritive tissue formed by fertilization and stores food in some seeds.
  1. Difference between Coleoptile and Coleorhiza
  • Coleoptile is a sheath covering the plumule in monocots.
  • Coleorhiza is a sheath covering the radicle in monocots.
  1. Difference between Seedling and Seed
  • A seedling is a young plant that has emerged after germination.
  • A seed is the dormant stage with the potential to grow.
  1. Difference between Viable and Non-viable Seeds
  • Viable seeds can germinate under suitable conditions.
  • Non-viable seeds cannot germinate.
  1. Difference between Hilum and Micropyle
  • Hilum is the scar where the seed was attached to the fruit.
  • Micropyle is a small pore that allows entry of water and oxygen.
  1. Difference between Dormancy and Germination
  • Dormancy is a period when seeds are inactive and do not grow.
  • Germination is the process where a seed resumes growth under suitable conditions.
  1. Difference between Embryo and Seed Coat
  • Embryo is the young plant inside the seed.
  • Seed coat is the outer covering that protects the embryo.
  1. Difference between Maize Grain and Pea Seed (Food Storage)
  • In maize, food is stored in endosperm.
  • In pea, food is stored in cotyledons.
  1. Difference between Scutellum and Cotyledon (Dicot)
  • Scutellum is the cotyledon in monocot seeds like maize.
  • Cotyledons in dicot seeds are two and store food (as in bean).
  1. Difference between Hypocotyl and Epicotyl
  • Hypocotyl is the region between radicle and cotyledons.
  • Epicotyl is the region between cotyledons and plumule.

Assertion and Reason

  1. Assertion (A): Cotyledons store food in dicot seeds.
     Reason (R): Dicot seeds are non-endospermic.
     Answer: A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.


  2. Assertion (A): Endosperm is absent in bean seed.
     Reason (R): Bean seed is exalbuminous.
     Answer: A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.


  3. Assertion (A): Aleurone layer is present in monocot seeds.
     Reason (R): Aleurone layer is a part of endosperm.
     Answer: A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.


  4. Assertion (A): Micropyle allows entry of water into the seed.
     Reason (R): Micropyle is a scar formed due to detachment from the fruit wall.
     Answer: A is true, R is false.


  5. Assertion (A): Radicle forms the shoot of the plant.
     Reason (R): Plumule gives rise to the root system.
     Answer: Both A and R are false.


  6. Assertion (A): Maize grain has only one cotyledon.
     Reason (R): Maize is a monocot seed.
     Answer: A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.


  7. Assertion (A): Germination requires sunlight.
     Reason (R): Sunlight activates the chloroplasts in cotyledons.
     Answer: Both A and R are false.


  8. Assertion (A): Coleoptile protects the plumule in maize grain.
     Reason (R): Coleoptile is a sheath covering the root.
     Answer: A is true, R is false.


  9. Assertion (A): Pea shows epigeal germination.
     Reason (R): In epigeal germination, cotyledons come above the soil.
     Answer: A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.


  10. Assertion (A): Seed coat consists of testa and tegmen.
     Reason (R): Both testa and tegmen are part of the embryo.
     Answer: A is true, R is false.


  11. Assertion (A): Scutellum is the cotyledon of monocot seeds.
     Reason (R): It absorbs food from endosperm during germination.
     Answer: A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.


  12. Assertion (A): Germination stops in absence of oxygen.
     Reason (R): Oxygen is needed for aerobic respiration.
     Answer: A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.


  13. Assertion (A): Plumule develops into shoot.
     Reason (R): Radicle develops into root.
     Answer: A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.


  14. Assertion (A): Bean seed is covered by a seed coat.
     Reason (R): Seed coat protects the embryo.
     Answer: A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.


  15. Assertion (A): In hypogeal germination, cotyledons remain underground.
     Reason (R): This type of germination is shown by maize.
     Answer: A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.


  16. Assertion (A): Vivipary is shown by pea seeds.
     Reason (R): Pea seeds germinate inside the fruit while still attached to the parent.
     Answer: Both A and R are false.


  17. Assertion (A): Rhizophora shows viviparous germination.
     Reason (R): It grows in marshy areas where early germination aids survival.
     Answer: A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.


  18. Assertion (A): Maize grain has a hard seed coat and fruit wall.
     Reason (R): In cereals, seed coat and fruit wall are fused.
     Answer: A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.


  19. Assertion (A): Embryo is the future plant.
     Reason (R): It contains radicle, plumule and cotyledon.
     Answer: A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.


  20. Assertion (A): Testa is the inner seed coat.
     Reason (R): Tegmen is the outer layer of seed coat.
     Answer: Both A and R are false.


  21. Assertion (A): Pea is a monocot seed.
     Reason (R): It contains a single cotyledon.
     Answer: Both A and R are false.


  22. Assertion (A): Endosperm provides nourishment to the developing embryo.
     Reason (R): Endosperm is present in exalbuminous seeds.
     Answer: A is true, R is false.


  23. Assertion (A): Micropyle closes after germination.
     Reason (R): It is no longer needed after seedling forms.
     Answer: A is false, R is true.


  24. Assertion (A): Maize seedling shows epigeal germination.
     Reason (R): Cotyledons emerge above the ground in maize.
     Answer: Both A and R are false.


  25. Assertion (A): Tegmen is the outer seed covering.
     Reason (R): Tegmen is thinner and lies below testa.
     Answer: A is false, R is true.


  26. Assertion (A): Coleorhiza covers the plumule.
     Reason (R): Coleoptile covers the radicle.
     Answer: Both A and R are false.


  27. Assertion (A): Embryo consists of scutellum, plumule and radicle in maize.
     Reason (R): Scutellum is equivalent to cotyledon.
     Answer: A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.


  28. Assertion (A): All seeds require light for germination.
     Reason (R): Light stimulates the embryo.
     Answer: Both A and R are false.


  29. Assertion (A): Germination begins with water absorption.
     Reason (R): Water activates enzymes needed for growth.
     Answer: A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.


  30. Assertion (A): Bean is an endospermic seed.
     Reason (R): It stores food in cotyledons.
     Answer: A is false, R is true.


  31. Assertion (A): Albuminous seeds retain their endosperm.
     Reason (R): These seeds store food in endosperm.
     Answer: A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.


  32. Assertion (A): Seedlings depend on photosynthesis from the beginning.
     Reason (R): Cotyledons begin photosynthesis at germination.
     Answer: Both A and R are false.


  33. Assertion (A): Embryo is formed after fertilization.
     Reason (R): Fertilized ovule develops into seed.
     Answer: A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.


  34. Assertion (A): Germination will happen without oxygen.
     Reason (R): Seeds store enough energy for development.
     Answer: Both A and R are false.


  35. Assertion (A): In monocots, food is stored in endosperm.
     Reason (R): The single cotyledon is not used for food storage.
     Answer: A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.


  36. Assertion (A): The hilum is an opening through which water enters.
     Reason (R): Hilum is a scar formed at attachment point to fruit.
     Answer: A is false, R is true.


  37. Assertion (A): Fruit wall and seed coat are fused in monocot grains.
     Reason (R): This is typical of cereals like maize.
     Answer: A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.


  38. Assertion (A): Oxygen is not required for seed germination.
     Reason (R): Seeds use anaerobic respiration during germination.
     Answer: Both A and R are false.


  39. Assertion (A): Viviparous plants show germination within the fruit.
     Reason (R): This occurs in dry, desert areas.
     Answer: A is true, R is false.


  40. Assertion (A): Scutellum absorbs food from endosperm.
     Reason (R): It is a modified cotyledon in monocot seeds.
     Answer: A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.


  41. Assertion (A): Maize has two cotyledons.
     Reason (R): Maize is a dicot plant.
     Answer: Both A and R are false.


  42. Assertion (A): In exalbuminous seeds, food is stored in cotyledons.
     Reason (R): Endosperm is used up during seed development.
     Answer: A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.


  43. Assertion (A): Pea, bean, and maize are all dicots.
     Reason (R): All have two cotyledons.
     Answer: Both A and R are false.


  44. Assertion (A): Germination ends with formation of seedling.
     Reason (R): Seedling has a root, shoot and green leaves.
     Answer: A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.


  45. Assertion (A): Coleoptile protects the plumule.
     Reason (R): Coleoptile is a conical sheath in monocot seeds.
     Answer: A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.


  46. Assertion (A): Oxygen enters through micropyle.
     Reason (R): Micropyle remains open for gaseous exchange.
     Answer: A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.


  47. Assertion (A): Cotyledons emerge above ground in epigeal germination.
     Reason (R): They remain below soil in hypogeal germination.
     Answer: A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.


  48. Assertion (A): Germination is complete before seed detaches from plant in Rhizophora.
     Reason (R): Vivipary helps survival in marshy soil.
     Answer: A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.


  49. Assertion (A): Seeds can germinate without water.
     Reason (R): Cotyledons supply all the moisture needed.
     Answer: Both A and R are false.


  50. Assertion (A): Seedling depends on food stored in seed at early stage.
     Reason (R): It takes time for photosynthesis to begin.
     Answer: A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

True or False

  1. The process of seed sprouting is called germination.
     True


  2. All seeds contain a cotyledon.
     True


  3. A monocot seed has two cotyledons.
     False (Monocot seeds have one cotyledon)


  4. The seed coat protects the embryo inside.
     True


  5. The cotyledon absorbs food from the endosperm in dicot seeds.
     True


  6. The radicle is the first leaf of the seedling.
     False (The radicle is the first root, not the leaf)


  7. In hypogeal germination, the cotyledons remain below the soil surface.
     True


  8. Bean seeds exhibit epigeal germination.
     True


  9. In maize seeds, the coleorhiza protects the radicle.
     True


  10. The seedling grows above ground in hypogeal germination.
     False (In hypogeal germination, the cotyledons stay underground)


  11. The embryo inside a seed includes the radicle, cotyledons, and plumule.
     True


  12. The plumule develops into the shoot system.
     True


  13. The seed coat is made up of two layers: testa and tegmen.
     True


  14. All seeds contain endosperm.
     False (Some seeds, like dicots, lack endosperm)


  15. Germination can occur without water.
     False (Water is necessary for germination)


  16. Seeds require oxygen for germination.
     True


  17. The endosperm stores food in exalbuminous seeds.
     False (In exalbuminous seeds, the food is stored in cotyledons)


  18. A seed can germinate without the presence of a suitable temperature.
     False (A suitable temperature is essential for germination)


  19. The process of seed germination begins when the seed absorbs water.
     True


  20. The hypocotyl is the part of the seedling that becomes the root.
     False (The hypocotyl becomes part of the shoot system)


  21. Rhizophora shows viviparous germination.
     True


  22. Maize seed has only one cotyledon.
     True


  23. The micropyle allows for water to enter the seed.
     True


  24. The testa is the outer protective covering of a seed.
     True


  25. The coleorhiza is found in dicot seeds.
     False (The coleorhiza is found in monocot seeds)


  26. In dicot seeds, the food is stored in the endosperm.
     False (In dicot seeds, the food is stored in cotyledons)


  27. Seedlings emerge from the seed during the process of germination.
     True


  28. In epigeal germination, the cotyledons remain underground.
     False (In epigeal germination, the cotyledons emerge above ground)


  29. The coleoptile protects the young shoot in monocot seeds.
     True


  30. The endosperm is present in both monocot and dicot seeds.
     False (Endosperm is absent in some dicot seeds)


  31. Seeds of plants with viviparous germination grow while still attached to the parent plant.
     True


  32. The radicle is the first part of the plant to emerge from the seed.
     True


  33. The hypocotyl is the part of the seedling that develops into the stem.
     True


  34. Maize grain is an example of an exalbuminous seed.
     False (Maize is an albuminous seed)


  35. Cotyledons in dicot seeds provide nourishment to the embryo.
     True


  36. The aleurone layer in maize seeds provides the energy required for germination.
     True


  37. The hilum is a scar on the seed coat that marks where the seed was attached to the ovary wall.
     True


  38. The plumule is the first root to emerge during germination.
     False (The radicle is the first root)


  39. Seeds can only germinate in the dark.
     False (Germination can happen in light or dark, depending on the species)


  40. Germination involves the growth of the embryo into a new plant.
     True


  41. The seedling does not require any external nutrients until it emerges above the soil.
     False (The seedling requires nutrients for early growth)


  42. A seedling’s first leaves are called cotyledons.
     True


  43. The bean seed has one cotyledon.
     False (The bean seed is a dicot with two cotyledons)


  44. The coleoptile is present in the embryo of dicot seeds.
     False (Coleoptile is found in monocots)


  45. The seed coat hardens as it matures to protect the embryo.
     True


  46. Water absorption in the seed is necessary for the embryo to start growing.
     True


  47. Seeds undergo dormancy when they are dry.
     True


  48. Germination cannot occur in the absence of light.
     False (Some seeds germinate in darkness)


  49. The seedling relies on the cotyledons for its initial food supply.
     True


  50. The plumule is responsible for forming the root system.
     False (The plumule forms the shoot system)

Long Answer Questions

  1. Describe the structure of a typical dicot seed using the example of a bean seed.
    A typical dicot seed like a bean has two cotyledons, a seed coat with testa and tegmen, an embryo with radicle, plumule, and cotyledons. The hilum marks the point of attachment and the micropyle allows water entry.
  2. What are the main parts of a seed? Explain their functions.
    Main parts: seed coat (protection), embryo (future plant), cotyledons (food storage), endosperm (in some seeds, stores food). Radicle gives rise to root, plumule to shoot.
  3. Compare the structure of monocot and dicot seeds.
    Monocots (e.g., maize): one cotyledon (scutellum), large endosperm, protective coleoptile and coleorhiza. Dicots (e.g., bean): two cotyledons, food stored in cotyledons, no protective sheaths.
  4. Describe the structure of maize grain in detail.
    Maize grain is a monocot seed. It has a single cotyledon (scutellum), endosperm, embryo with radicle and plumule, covered by coleorhiza and coleoptile. Aleurone layer surrounds the endosperm.
  5. Differentiate between albuminous and exalbuminous seeds.
    Albuminous: retain endosperm (e.g., maize, castor). Exalbuminous: endosperm used up during development, food stored in cotyledons (e.g., gram, pea).
  6. Explain epigeal germination with an example.
    In epigeal germination, the cotyledons are pushed above the soil due to elongation of the hypocotyl. Example: Bean seed. Cotyledons become green and perform photosynthesis.
  7. Explain hypogeal germination with an example.
    In hypogeal germination, cotyledons remain below the soil, and epicotyl elongates. Example: Maize seed. Cotyledons do not come above soil; plumule emerges with protection.
  8. What are the conditions necessary for seed germination? Explain.
    Essential conditions:
    (i) Water – activates enzymes, softens seed coat.
     (ii) Suitable temperature – for enzyme activity.
     (iii) Oxygen – for aerobic respiration providing energy.
  9. Write a short note on the embryo of a seed.
    The embryo is the young plant inside a seed. It consists of the radicle (root), plumule (shoot), and cotyledons (seed leaves). It develops into a seedling upon germination.
  10. What is the role of micropyle and hilum in a seed?
    Micropyle: small opening through which water enters during germination.
    Hilum: scar on seed coat indicating point of attachment to the ovary wall.
  11. Describe the germination of a bean seed.
    In bean (dicot), epigeal germination occurs. Water activates enzymes, testa ruptures, radicle emerges down, hypocotyl pushes cotyledons above soil, plumule forms shoot.
  12. Describe the germination of a maize grain.
    Maize undergoes hypogeal germination. Water enters through micropyle, radicle comes out protected by coleorhiza, epicotyl grows upward, plumule comes out through coleoptile.
  13. Write differences between epigeal and hypogeal germination.
    Epigeal: cotyledons above soil, hypocotyl elongates (e.g., bean).
    Hypogeal: cotyledons below soil, epicotyl elongates (e.g., maize).
  14. Write a note on viviparous germination.
    Viviparous germination is seen in mangroves like Rhizophora. Seeds germinate while still attached to the parent plant due to wet, marshy conditions. The radicle elongates downward.
  15. Explain the significance of seed germination.
    Germination initiates growth of the seed into a new plant. It allows propagation, continuation of species, and crop production in agriculture.
  16. Describe the role of cotyledons in germination.
    Cotyledons store food and nourish the embryo. In dicots, they may come above ground (epigeal). In monocots, food is absorbed from endosperm.
  17. Explain the structure and role of aleurone layer.
    Aleurone is the outer layer of endosperm in monocot seeds. It secretes enzymes that digest stored food for embryo during germination.
  18. What changes occur in a seed during germination?
    Seed absorbs water, enzymes activate, seed coat breaks, radicle and plumule emerge, cotyledons provide nourishment, and a seedling forms.
  19. Write differences between monocot and dicot seeds (any four).
    Monocot: one cotyledon, endosperm present, protective sheaths (coleoptile, coleorhiza), example – maize.
    Dicot: two cotyledons, food in cotyledons, no sheaths, example – bean.
  20. Define germination and state its types.
    Germination is the emergence of an embryo from the seed under favorable conditions. Types: epigeal and hypogeal.
  21. Why do seeds fail to germinate sometimes?
    Lack of water, oxygen, unsuitable temperature, damaged embryo, or dormancy can prevent germination.
  22. How is a fruit different from a seed?
    Fruit is the mature ovary with seeds. Seed is the fertilized ovule that can grow into a new plant.
  23. What is a seedling? How is it formed?
    A seedling is a young plant formed after germination, consisting of root, shoot, and leaves. It grows using stored food and starts photosynthesis.
  24. How is food stored in seeds?
    Food is stored either in cotyledons (dicots) or endosperm (monocots), in the form of starch, proteins, and fats.
  25. Describe the role of oxygen and temperature in seed germination.
    Oxygen helps in respiration to release energy. Temperature affects enzymatic activity required for breaking down food reserves.
  26. What is the role of testa and tegmen in seed?
    Testa and tegmen are outer and inner layers of seed coat respectively. They protect the embryo from mechanical injury and microbial invasion.
  27. Write the functions of coleoptile and coleorhiza.
    Coleoptile protects the emerging plumule, and coleorhiza protects the radicle in monocot seeds during germination.
  28. What happens when a seed is placed in dry soil?
    In dry soil, the seed cannot absorb water, so enzymes remain inactive, and germination does not occur.
  29. Name any two plants with albuminous seeds and two with exalbuminous seeds.
    Albuminous: maize, castor.
    Exalbuminous: bean, gram.
  30. What is the difference between plumule and radicle?
    Plumule develops into the shoot, while radicle develops into the root system of the plant.
  31. Why do seeds store food?
    Seeds store food to nourish the embryo until it can perform photosynthesis after germination.
  32. How does light affect seed germination?
    Some seeds require light, while others require darkness. Light can trigger or inhibit germination depending on species.
  33. What is the importance of studying seed structure?
    Understanding seed structure helps in identifying seed types, understanding plant development, and improving agricultural practices.
  34. Describe the process of seed development from ovule.
    After fertilization, ovule develops into seed. Zygote forms embryo, endosperm forms if triple fusion occurs, and integuments become seed coat.
  35. Write the fate of different parts of ovule after fertilization.
    Zygote → Embryo
    Endosperm nucleus → Endosperm
     Integuments → Seed coat
     Ovule → Seed
     Ovary → Fruit
  36. What is dormancy? How is it broken?
    Dormancy is a period when seeds are inactive. It can be broken by proper water, temperature, and sometimes treatments like scarification.
  37. Why is germination in Rhizophora considered special?
    Rhizophora shows vivipary – germination occurs while attached to parent plant, helping seedlings to anchor in mangrove swamps.
  38. What are the three main requirements of germination?
    Water – for metabolic activity
    Oxygen – for energy
     Suitable temperature – for enzymatic action
  39. Explain the germination process in pea seed.
    Pea undergoes epigeal germination. Radicle emerges, hypocotyl elongates, cotyledons come above soil and give nutrients to growing shoot.
  40. How is a monocot seed adapted for germination?
    Monocot seed has protective sheaths (coleoptile, coleorhiza), food stored in endosperm, and a single cotyledon (scutellum) for absorption.
  41. What is meant by food reserve in seeds?
    Stored nutrients like starch, proteins, and lipids in endosperm or cotyledons that nourish embryo during germination.
  42. Describe the changes in cotyledons during germination.
    Cotyledons shrink as they transfer stored food to the embryo. In epigeal, they become green and photosynthesize temporarily.
  43. How does the embryo get food in monocot seeds?
    The scutellum absorbs nutrients from the endosperm and passes them to the growing embryo.
  44. Differentiate between germination and seedling.
    Germination is the process of seed sprouting; seedling is the young plant formed after germination.
  45. Name parts of embryo in a seed and their functions.
    Radicle – root
    Plumule – shoot
     Cotyledons – food
  46. Why are cotyledons called seed leaves?
    They are the first leaves to appear and provide food during early growth stages.
  47. What is the importance of seed germination in agriculture?
    Ensures crop production, propagation, uniform growth, and food security.
  48. How are monocot seeds protected during germination?
    Coleoptile protects plumule and coleorhiza protects radicle as they emerge from soil.
  49. State the fate of cotyledons after germination.
    They either fall off after food transfer or shrivel inside soil depending on type of germination.
  50. Write a note on the role of seed in plant reproduction.
    Seeds help in reproduction by producing new plants, ensuring species survival, and enabling distribution through various agents.

Give Reasons

  1. Give reason: Seeds are called the resting stage of the plant.
     Because they can remain dormant for a long time until favorable conditions for germination occur.


  2. Give reason: Bean seed is called a dicot seed.
     Because it has two cotyledons.


  3. Give reason: Maize seed is called a monocot seed.
     Because it has only one cotyledon (scutellum).


  4. Give reason: Cotyledons are called seed leaves.
     Because they are the first leaves of the embryo and provide nourishment to it.


  5. Give reason: Endosperm is present in albuminous seeds.
     Because food is stored in the endosperm and not completely used up during seed development.


  6. Give reason: Radicle emerges first during germination.
     Because it forms the root system which anchors the plant and absorbs water.


  7. Give reason: Plumule is enclosed in coleoptile in monocot seeds.
     Because it protects the delicate shoot tip during its passage through the soil.


  8. Give reason: Water is essential for seed germination.
     Because it activates enzymes and helps in the softening of the seed coat.


  9. Give reason: Oxygen is necessary for germination.
     Because energy is required during germination and is released through aerobic respiration.


  10. Give reason: Seeds do not germinate in dry conditions.
     Because water is essential to activate enzymes and initiate growth.


  11. Give reason: Temperature affects seed germination.
     Because enzymatic activity is temperature-dependent.


  12. Give reason: Seed coat is hard and protective.
     Because it protects the embryo from mechanical injury and pathogens.


  13. Give reason: Micropyle is important in germination.
     Because it allows water absorption and passage of gases.


  14. Give reason: Maize seed is called a grain and not a fruit.
     Because the seed coat is fused with the fruit wall, forming a single unit.


  15. Give reason: Bean seed does not have an endosperm.
     Because the endosperm is used up during seed development.


  16. Give reason: Vivipary is seen in mangroves like Rhizophora.
     Because seeds germinate while attached to the parent plant due to marshy soil conditions.


  17. Give reason: Albuminous seeds retain endosperm.
     Because they store food in endosperm instead of cotyledons.


  18. Give reason: Pea seed is exalbuminous.
     Because the endosperm is completely consumed before seed maturation.


  19. Give reason: Coleorhiza covers the radicle in maize.
     Because it protects the radicle during germination.


  20. Give reason: Aleurone layer is important in maize germination.
     Because it secretes enzymes that break down starch in the endosperm.


  21. Give reason: Scutellum is called a modified cotyledon.
     Because it absorbs nutrients from the endosperm and passes to the embryo.


  22. Give reason: Hypocotyl elongates in epigeal germination.
     Because it pushes the cotyledons above the ground.


  23. Give reason: Epicotyl elongates in hypogeal germination.
     Because it allows shoot to come above ground while cotyledons stay below.


  24. Give reason: Germination requires energy.
     Because various metabolic activities like cell division and growth occur.


  25. Give reason: Seeds are important for reproduction.
     Because they grow into new plants and ensure continuity of species.


  26. Give reason: Dormant seeds do not germinate immediately.
     Because they are in a state of metabolic inactivity.


  27. Give reason: Cotyledons become green in epigeal germination.
     Because they perform photosynthesis temporarily.


  28. Give reason: Plumule forms shoot system.
     Because it grows upward and develops into stem and leaves.


  29. Give reason: Radicle is the embryonic root.
     Because it grows downward to form the primary root.


  30. Give reason: Maize seed has protective sheaths.
     Because they protect radicle and plumule during germination.


  31. Give reason: Cotyledons in monocots are not used for storage.
     Because food is stored in the endosperm.


  32. Give reason: Germinating seeds respire actively.
     Because rapid cell division and growth require a lot of energy.


  33. Give reason: Fruits develop after fertilization.
     Because ovary transforms into fruit to protect and carry seeds.


  34. Give reason: Seeds with hard coats take longer to germinate.
     Because water takes time to penetrate the seed coat.


  35. Give reason: Plants grown from seeds are not clones.
     Because sexual reproduction leads to genetic variation.


  36. Give reason: Pea seed is often used to explain seed structure.
     Because it is a large, easily observable dicot seed.


  37. Give reason: Oxygen deficiency affects germination.
     Because aerobic respiration cannot occur properly without oxygen.


  38. Give reason: Coleoptile emerges before plumule.
     Because it protects the growing tip of the shoot.


  39. Give reason: Seedlings need to perform photosynthesis.
     Because stored food becomes insufficient as they grow.


  40. Give reason: Maize seed is endospermic.
     Because it contains a large amount of endosperm at maturity.


  41. Give reason: Testa and tegmen are collectively called seed coat.
     Because they form protective outer coverings of the seed.


  42. Give reason: Dicot cotyledons store food.
     Because they nourish the embryo during germination.


  43. Give reason: Seeds can remain viable for years.
     Because their metabolic rate is very low in dormant stage.


  44. Give reason: Vivipary helps Rhizophora seeds survive.
     Because seedlings fall directly into mud and start rooting quickly.


  45. Give reason: Only healthy seeds germinate properly.
     Because damaged seeds may lack viable embryos or stored food.


  46. Give reason: Germination fails in sealed containers.
     Because lack of oxygen inhibits respiration.


  47. Give reason: Fruits attract animals.
     Because animals help in seed dispersal by eating and discarding seeds.


  48. Give reason: Plumule is delicate and needs protection.
     Because it can get damaged while pushing through the soil.


  49. Give reason: Aleurone layer contains protein.
     Because it helps produce enzymes for breaking down starch.


  50. Give reason: Storage conditions affect seed viability.
     Because temperature, moisture, and pests can destroy seeds.

Arrange the Words 

Case Studies

Case Study 1:
 Rina soaked some gram seeds overnight and kept them in a warm place. The next day, she noticed tiny roots emerging from the seeds.
 Q1: Name the process observed by Rina.
 Answer: Germination
 Q2: Which part of the seed comes out first?
 Answer: Radicle

Case Study 2:
 A student examined a maize grain and found a single cotyledon, a protective sheath over the shoot, and presence of endosperm.
 Q1: Identify the type of seed.
 Answer: Monocotyledonous seed
 Q2: Name the protective sheath over the shoot.
 Answer: Coleoptile

Case Study 3:
 In an experiment, a bean seed was soaked, and then the seed coat was removed to study the internal parts.
 Q1: Name the two coverings of the seed coat.
 Answer: Testa and Tegmen
 Q2: What is the function of the cotyledons in bean seed?
 Answer: They store food for the embryo.

Case Study 4:
 During a practical, a student observed that a seed failed to germinate in the absence of water.
 Q1: Why is water essential for seed germination?
 Answer: It activates enzymes and helps in cell expansion.
 Q2: Mention two more conditions necessary for germination.
 Answer: Oxygen and suitable temperature

Case Study 5:
 A science teacher placed seeds in different conditions – dry cotton, wet cotton, and water-logged soil. Only the wet cotton seeds germinated properly.
 Q1: What conclusion can be drawn?
 Answer: Seeds need moisture, but excess water restricts oxygen supply.
 Q2: Why didn’t the seeds in water-logged soil germinate well?
 Answer: Lack of oxygen for respiration

Case Study 6:
 In a biology lab, students observed a seed with two cotyledons and no visible endosperm.
 Q1: Name this type of seed.
 Answer: Dicotyledonous, exalbuminous seed
 Q2: Give one example of such a seed.
 Answer: Bean

Case Study 7:
 While walking near a mangrove forest, a student observed seedlings sprouting from seeds still attached to the parent plant.
 Q1: Name the type of germination.
 Answer: Viviparous germination
 Q2: Name a plant that shows this type.
 Answer: Rhizophora

Case Study 8:
 A student found that maize grain has a special layer that secretes enzymes during germination.
 Q1: Name this layer.
 Answer: Aleurone layer
 Q2: What is its function?
 Answer: It secretes enzymes to break down stored food in the endosperm.

Case Study 9:
 An experiment showed that cotyledons in a pea seed remain underground during germination.
 Q1: What type of germination is this?
 Answer: Hypogeal germination
 Q2: Which part comes above the soil first?
 Answer: Plumule

Case Study 10:
 A student dissected a seed and observed plumule, radicle, and cotyledons.
 Q1: What part of the seed do these belong to?
 Answer: Embryo
 Q2: What is the role of plumule?
 Answer: It develops into the shoot.

Case Study 11:
 In a germination experiment, no seeds germinated in a refrigerator.
 Q1: Why did the seeds not germinate?
 Answer: Temperature was too low
 Q2: Is temperature an essential condition for germination?
 Answer: Yes

Case Study 12:
 A biology teacher showed a seed that had cotyledons above the ground after germination.
 Q1: What type of germination is shown?
 Answer: Epigeal germination
 Q2: Name one example of such a seed.
 Answer: Bean

Case Study 13:
 A student found a scar on the seed where it was attached to the fruit.
 Q1: Name this scar.
 Answer: Hilum
 Q2: What is its function?
 Answer: It marks the point of attachment to the fruit.

Case Study 14:
 A maize grain was studied and identified to have endosperm even after maturity.
 Q1: What type of seed is it?
 Answer: Albuminous seed
 Q2: Which part stores food?
 Answer: Endosperm

Case Study 15:
 In a plant biology lesson, it was shown that both monocots and dicots have an embryo.
 Q1: What are the parts of the embryo?
 Answer: Radicle, plumule, cotyledon(s)
 Q2: What is the main difference in their cotyledons?
 Answer: Monocots have one; dicots have two

Case Study 16:
 Students saw that soaking seeds before sowing improved their germination rate.
 Q1: Why does soaking help?
 Answer: It softens the seed coat and activates enzymes
 Q2: Which process is accelerated by water uptake?
 Answer: Germination

Case Study 17:
 A student found that dry seeds stored for months still germinated after sowing.
 Q1: What property of seeds does this show?
 Answer: Dormancy
 Q2: What ends dormancy?
 Answer: Favourable conditions like water, temperature, oxygen

Case Study 18:
 A farmer noticed maize seeds had a protective sheath for root and shoot.
 Q1: Name these sheaths.
 Answer: Coleorhiza and coleoptile
 Q2: What is their function?
 Answer: Protection during germination

Case Study 19:
 While preparing seed slides, a student stained the embryo to view its parts.
 Q1: Which three parts of the embryo were likely visible?
 Answer: Plumule, radicle, cotyledon(s)
 Q2: What does plumule develop into?
 Answer: Shoot

Case Study 20:
 In a comparison activity, bean seed and maize grain were studied.
 Q1: Which is monocot and which is dicot?
 Answer: Maize – monocot, Bean – dicot
 Q2: Which one has an endosperm?
 Answer: Maize grain

Numericals

Numeric problems are not available for this chapter.

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