ICSE – Grade 9 – Biology – Ch 02 – QA

Questions & Answers

ICSE - Grade - 9

Subject: Biology

Chapter - 02 - Cell: The Unit of Life

Types of Questions

MCQ

  1. Which organelle is called the “Powerhouse of the cell”?
    a) Nucleus
     b) Ribosome
     c Mitochondria
     d) Golgi Apparatus
     Answer: c) Mitochondria
  1. Who discovered the cell?
    a) Robert Brown
     b) Robert Hooke
     c) Anton van Leeuwenhoek
     d) Matthias Schleiden
     Answer: b) Robert Hooke
  2. The structural and functional unit of life is:
    a) Tissue
     b) Organ
     c) Cell
     d) Organ system
     Answer: c) Cell

     

  3. The scientist who proposed that all cells arise from pre-existing cells was:
    a) Robert Hooke
     b) Rudolf Virchow
     c) Theodor Schwann
     d) Matthias Schleiden
     Answer: b) Rudolf Virchow

     

  4. Which of the following is absent in animal cells?
    a) Mitochondria
     b) Chloroplast
     c) Nucleus
     d) Golgi apparatus
     Answer: b) Chloroplast

     

  5. What is the function of ribosomes?
    a) Protein synthesis
     b) Energy production
     c) Digestion of waste
     d) Transport of materials
     Answer: a) Protein synthesis

     

  6. Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis?
    a) Mitochondria
     b) Ribosome
     c) Chloroplast
     d) Endoplasmic reticulum
     Answer: c) Chloroplast

     

  7. The outermost boundary of a plant cell is:
    a) Plasma membrane
     b) Cell wall
     c) Nucleus
     d) Cytoplasm
     Answer: b) Cell wall

     

  8. Which organelle is known as the “suicidal bag” of the cell?
    a) Lysosome
     b) Ribosome
     c) Golgi body
     d) Nucleus
     Answer: a) Lysosome

     

  9. Which structure controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell?
    a) Nucleus
     b) Cytoplasm
     c) Plasma membrane
     d) Mitochondria
     Answer: c) Plasma membrane

     

  10. DNA is located in the:
    a) Mitochondria
     b) Ribosomes
     c) Nucleus
     d) Lysosomes
     Answer: c) Nucleus

     

  11. Which of the following is a prokaryotic cell?
    a) Bacteria
     b) Fungi
     c) Amoeba
     d) Plants
     Answer: a) Bacteria

     

  12. The jelly-like substance inside the cell is:
    a) Cytoplasm
     b) Plasma membrane
     c) Vacuole
     d) Chromatin
     Answer: a) Cytoplasm

     

  13. The organelle responsible for packaging and secretion of proteins is:
    a) Golgi apparatus
     b) Ribosome
     c) Lysosome
     d) Nucleus
     Answer: a) Golgi apparatus

     

  14. The cell wall in plant cells is made up of:
    a) Lipids
     b) Proteins
     c) Cellulose
     d) Glucose
     Answer: c) Cellulose

     

  15. The large central vacuole is found in:
    a) Animal cells
     b) Plant cells
     c) Bacteria
     d) Fungi
     Answer: b) Plant cells

     

  16. Which organelle helps in intracellular digestion?
    a) Golgi apparatus
     b) Lysosome
     c) Ribosome
     d) Mitochondria
     Answer: b) Lysosome

     

  17. The process by which water moves across a semipermeable membrane is called:
    a) Diffusion
     b) Osmosis
     c) Active transport
     d) Phagocytosis
     Answer: b) Osmosis

     

  18. What is the primary function of mitochondria?
    a) Protein synthesis
     b) Photosynthesis
     c) Energy production
     d) Digestion
     Answer: c) Energy production

     

  19. The smallest cell in the human body is:
    a) Nerve cell
     b) Red blood cell
     c) Sperm cell
     d) White blood cell
     Answer: c) Sperm cell

     

  20. The largest cell in the human body is:
    a) Nerve cell
     b) Liver cell
     c) Ovum
     d) Muscle cell
     Answer: c) Ovum

     

  21. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for:
    a) Protein synthesis
     b) Lipid synthesis
     c) Energy production
     d) DNA replication
     Answer: b) Lipid synthesis

     

  22. Which organelle is absent in prokaryotic cells?
    a) Ribosome
     b) Nucleus
     c) Cell membrane
     d) Cytoplasm
     Answer: b) Nucleus

     

  23. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is associated with the synthesis of:
    a) Lipids
     b) Carbohydrates
     c) Proteins
     d) DNA
     Answer: c) Proteins

     

  24. Which of the following is found in both plant and animal cells?
    a) Cell wall
     b) Chloroplast
     c) Mitochondria
     d) Large vacuole
     Answer: c) Mitochondria

     

  25. The organelle responsible for detoxification of harmful substances in the liver is:
    a) Ribosome
     b) Lysosome
     c) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
     d) Golgi Apparatus
     Answer: c) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

     

  26. The semi-permeable membrane surrounding the cell is called:
    a) Nuclear membrane
     b) Plasma membrane
     c) Cell wall
     d) Cytoplasm
     Answer: b) Plasma membrane

     

  27. Which of the following structures is NOT found in an animal cell?
    a) Centrioles
     b) Lysosomes
     c) Chloroplasts
     d) Mitochondria
     Answer: c) Chloroplasts

     

  28. Which of the following organelles helps in maintaining the shape of a plant cell?
    a) Cell wall
     b) Mitochondria
     c) Nucleus
     d) Golgi body
     Answer: a) Cell wall

     

  29. Which organelle is responsible for packaging and modifying proteins?
    a) Lysosome
     b) Golgi Apparatus
     c) Endoplasmic Reticulum
     d) Ribosome
     Answer: b) Golgi Apparatus

     

  30. The function of centrioles in animal cells is:
    a) Protein synthesis
     b) Cell division
     c) Energy production
     d) Photosynthesis
     Answer: b) Cell division

     

  31. Which process does NOT require energy?
    a) Diffusion
     b) Active Transport
     c) Endocytosis
     d) Exocytosis
     Answer: a) Diffusion

     

  32. Which of these structures is responsible for the transport of proteins within the cell?
    a) Endoplasmic Reticulum
     b) Lysosome
     c) Mitochondria
     d) Golgi Apparatus
     Answer: a) Endoplasmic Reticulum

     

  33. The site of ribosome production in a cell is:
    a) Nucleolus
     b) Cytoplasm
     c) Golgi Apparatus
     d) Lysosome
     Answer: a) Nucleolus

     

  34. The movement of water molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration through a semi-permeable membrane is called:
    a) Diffusion
     b) Osmosis
     c) Active transport
     d) Phagocytosis
     Answer: b) Osmosis

     

  35. Which organelle is also known as the “Protein Factory” of the cell?
    a) Lysosome
     b) Ribosome
     c) Mitochondria
     d) Endoplasmic Reticulum
     Answer: b) Ribosome

     

  36. Which of the following organelles contains its own DNA?
    a) Ribosome
     b) Mitochondria
     c) Golgi Apparatus
     d) Lysosome
     Answer: b) Mitochondria

     

  37. The hereditary material found inside the nucleus is:
    a) RNA
     b) DNA
     c) Protein
     d) Lipids
     Answer: b) DNA

     

  38. The process by which a cell engulfs solid particles is known as:
    a) Osmosis
     b) Diffusion
     c) Phagocytosis
     d) Exocytosis
     Answer: c) Phagocytosis

     

  39. Which of the following organelles helps in cell digestion?
    a) Golgi Apparatus
     b) Lysosome
     c) Ribosome
     d) Mitochondria
     Answer: b) Lysosome

     

  40. Which of these is an example of an autotrophic organism?
    a) Human
     b) Fungi
     c) Bacteria
     d) Green Plants
     Answer: d) Green Plants

     

  41. Which of the following is an example of a eukaryotic cell?
    a) Bacteria
     b) Virus
     c) Fungi
     d) Cyanobacteria
     Answer: c) Fungi

     

  42. The organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion is:
    a) Ribosome
     b) Golgi Apparatus
     c) Nucleus
     d) Mitochondria
     Answer: b) Golgi Apparatus

     

  43. The function of cilia and flagella is to:
    a) Transport proteins
     b) Aid in cell movement
     c) Store food
     d) Produce energy
     Answer: b) Aid in cell movement

     

  44. Which process requires ATP?
    a) Diffusion
     b) Osmosis
     c) Active Transport
     d) Passive Transport
     Answer: c) Active Transport

     

  45. Which of the following organelles is NOT membrane-bound?
    a) Ribosome
     b) Lysosome
     c) Mitochondria
     d) Nucleus
     Answer: a) Ribosome

     

  46. The smallest living organisms are:
    a) Bacteria
     b) Amoeba
     c) Viruses
     d) Algae
     Answer: a) Bacteria

     

  47. Which structure is responsible for producing ATP?
    a) Chloroplast
     b) Mitochondria
     c) Nucleus
     d) Ribosome
     Answer: b) Mitochondria

     

  48. The part of the cell that controls cell activities and contains genetic material is:
    a) Cytoplasm
     b) Nucleus
     c) Golgi Apparatus
     d) Ribosome
     Answer: b) Nucleus

     

50. Which of the following organelles is unique to plant cells?
 a) Mitochondria
 b) Chloroplast
 c) Ribosome
 d) Golgi Apparatus
 Answer: b) Chloroplast

Fill in the Blanks

  1. The basic structural and functional unit of life is the __________.
     Answer: Cell


  2. The outermost covering of a plant cell is called the __________.
     Answer: Cell wall


  3. The powerhouse of the cell is the __________.
     Answer: Mitochondria


  4. The __________ is known as the control center of the cell.
     Answer: Nucleus


  5. The jelly-like substance inside the cell is called __________.
     Answer: Cytoplasm


  6. The plasma membrane is made up of __________ and proteins.
     Answer: Lipids


  7. The organelle responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells is the __________.
     Answer: Chloroplast


  8. The __________ is responsible for protein synthesis.
     Answer: Ribosome


  9. The fluid-filled structure in plant cells that stores water and nutrients is called __________.
     Answer: Vacuole


  10. The organelle that digests worn-out cell parts and waste materials is the __________.
     Answer: Lysosome


  11. The endoplasmic reticulum is of two types: rough and __________.
     Answer: Smooth


  12. The rough endoplasmic reticulum has __________ attached to its surface.
     Answer: Ribosomes


  13. The organelle responsible for packaging and secretion of proteins is the __________.
     Answer: Golgi apparatus


  14. The __________ is responsible for cell division in animal cells.
     Answer: Centriole


  15. The nuclear membrane surrounds the __________.
     Answer: Nucleus


  16. The organelle responsible for detoxification of harmful substances is the __________.
     Answer: Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum


  17. The genetic material in the nucleus is called __________.
     Answer: DNA


  18. Prokaryotic cells do not have a well-defined __________.
     Answer: Nucleus


  19. The cell wall of plant cells is made up of __________.
     Answer: Cellulose


  20. The __________ is responsible for ATP production in the cell.
     Answer: Mitochondria


  21. The site of ribosome production inside the nucleus is the __________.
     Answer: Nucleolus


  22. The process of water moving through a semi-permeable membrane is called __________.
     Answer: Osmosis


  23. The movement of molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration is called __________.
     Answer: Diffusion


  24. The process that requires energy for the movement of molecules across the membrane is called __________.
     Answer: Active transport


  25. The cell theory was proposed by __________ and __________.
     Answer: Schleiden, Schwann


  26. The scientist who stated that all cells arise from pre-existing cells was __________.
     Answer: Rudolf Virchow


  27. The smallest living organism is a __________.
     Answer: Bacterium


  28. The organelle that helps in intracellular digestion is the __________.
     Answer: Lysosome


  29. The movement of substances out of the cell through vesicles is called __________.
     Answer: Exocytosis


  30. The movement of substances into the cell through vesicles is called __________.
     Answer: Endocytosis


  31. The double-layered structure that surrounds the nucleus is called the __________.
     Answer: Nuclear membrane


  32. The organelle that contains its own DNA and can replicate independently is the __________.
     Answer: Mitochondria


  33. The green pigment found in chloroplasts is called __________.
     Answer: Chlorophyll


  34. The __________ helps maintain the shape and rigidity of plant cells.
     Answer: Cell wall


  35. The type of cell division that occurs in body cells is called __________.
     Answer: Mitosis


  36. The type of cell division that produces gametes is called __________.
     Answer: Meiosis


  37. The network of protein fibers that provides structural support to the cell is called the __________.
     Answer: Cytoskeleton


  38. The __________ is responsible for lipid synthesis in the cell.
     Answer: Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum


  39. The primary function of ribosomes is __________.
     Answer: Protein synthesis


  40. The function of cilia and flagella is to help in __________.
     Answer: Cell movement


  41. The process by which a cell engulfs large particles is called __________.
     Answer: Phagocytosis


  42. The substance that makes up bacterial cell walls is __________.
     Answer: Peptidoglycan


  43. The largest cell in the human body is the __________.
     Answer: Ovum


  44. The smallest cell in the human body is the __________.
     Answer: Sperm cell


  45. The energy currency of the cell is called __________.
     Answer: ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)


  46. The transport system of the cell is the __________.
     Answer: Endoplasmic Reticulum


  47. The process by which plants convert sunlight into energy is called __________.
     Answer: Photosynthesis


  48. The double membrane-bound organelle responsible for aerobic respiration is __________.
     Answer: Mitochondria


  49. The watery solution inside the vacuole is called __________.
     Answer: Cell sap

Name the Following

  1. The scientist who discovered the cell in 1665.
     Answer: Robert Hooke


  2. The smallest unit of life.
     Answer: Cell


  3. The organelle known as the “Powerhouse of the cell.”
     Answer: Mitochondria


  4. The outermost covering of a plant cell.
     Answer: Cell wall


  5. The control center of the cell.
     Answer: Nucleus


  6. The jelly-like substance inside the cell.
     Answer: Cytoplasm


  7. The process by which water moves across a semi-permeable membrane.
     Answer: Osmosis


  8. The organelle responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells.
     Answer: Chloroplast


  9. The “Protein Factory” of the cell.
     Answer: Ribosome


  10. The process by which substances move from high to low concentration.
     Answer: Diffusion


  11. The large storage organelle found in plant cells.
     Answer: Vacuole


  12. The organelle that digests worn-out cell parts and waste materials.
     Answer: Lysosome


  13. The scientist who stated that all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
     Answer: Rudolf Virchow


  14. The double-layered structure that surrounds the nucleus.
     Answer: Nuclear membrane


  15. The pigment responsible for photosynthesis.
     Answer: Chlorophyll


  16. The organelle responsible for packaging and modifying proteins.
     Answer: Golgi Apparatus


  17. The semi-permeable membrane surrounding the cell.
     Answer: Plasma membrane


  18. The site of ribosome production inside the nucleus.
     Answer: Nucleolus


  19. The process that requires energy for the movement of molecules across the membrane.
     Answer: Active transport


  20. The organelle that contains its own DNA and can replicate independently.
     Answer: Mitochondria


  21. The structural component of the cell wall in plant cells.
     Answer: Cellulose


  22. The two scientists who proposed the Cell Theory.
     Answer: Schleiden and Schwann


  23. The cell organelle that detoxifies harmful substances.
     Answer: Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum


  24. The type of cell division that produces gametes.
     Answer: Meiosis


  25. The energy currency of the cell.
     Answer: ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)


  26. The organelle responsible for lipid synthesis.
     Answer: Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum


  27. The type of transport that does not require energy.
     Answer: Passive transport


  28. The movement of substances out of the cell through vesicles.
     Answer: Exocytosis


  29. The movement of substances into the cell through vesicles.
     Answer: Endocytosis


  30. The network of protein fibers that provides structural support to the cell.
     Answer: Cytoskeleton


  31. The part of the cell that controls all activities and contains genetic material.
     Answer: Nucleus


  32. The smallest living organisms.
     Answer: Bacteria


  33. The largest cell in the human body.
     Answer: Ovum


  34. The smallest cell in the human body.
     Answer: Sperm cell


  35. The type of cell that does not have a well-defined nucleus.
     Answer: Prokaryotic cell


  36. The type of cell that has a well-defined nucleus.
     Answer: Eukaryotic cell


  37. The substance that makes up bacterial cell walls.
     Answer: Peptidoglycan


  38. The process by which a cell engulfs large particles.
     Answer: Phagocytosis


  39. The green organelle found in plant cells but absent in animal cells.
     Answer: Chloroplast


  40. The function of cilia and flagella.
     Answer: Cell movement


  41. The type of cell division responsible for growth and repair.
     Answer: Mitosis


  42. The scientist who first observed living cells using a simple microscope.
     Answer: Anton van Leeuwenhoek


  43. The rigid structure that provides shape and support to plant cells.
     Answer: Cell wall


  44. The process by which plants convert sunlight into chemical energy.
     Answer: Photosynthesis


  45. The organelle responsible for cellular respiration.
     Answer: Mitochondria


  46. The part of the nucleus that contains genetic material.
     Answer: Chromatin


  47. The small pores in the nuclear membrane that allow exchange of materials.
     Answer: Nuclear pores


  48. The scientist who coined the term “protoplasm.”
     Answer: J.E. Purkinje


  49. The process by which cells develop into specialized types.
     Answer: Cell differentiation


  50. The watery solution inside the vacuole.
     Answer: Cell sap

Answer in One Word

  1. Who discovered the cell?
     Answer: Hooke


  2. What is the basic unit of life?
     Answer: Cell


  3. Which organelle is known as the “Powerhouse of the cell”?
     Answer: Mitochondria


  4. What is the outermost covering of a plant cell?
     Answer: Cell wall


  5. Which organelle controls the activities of the cell?
     Answer: Nucleus


  6. What is the jelly-like substance inside a cell?
     Answer: Cytoplasm


  7. Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis?
     Answer: Chloroplast


  8. Which organelle is known as the “suicidal bag” of the cell?
     Answer: Lysosome


  9. What is the process of movement of water molecules across a membrane?
     Answer: Osmosis


  10. Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?
     Answer: Ribosome


  11. What is the structural component of the plant cell wall?
     Answer: Cellulose


  12. Which pigment is responsible for photosynthesis?
     Answer: Chlorophyll


  13. What is the energy currency of the cell?
     Answer: ATP


  14. Which organelle stores water and nutrients in plant cells?
     Answer: Vacuole


  15. Which process moves molecules from high to low concentration?
     Answer: Diffusion


  16. What is the network of tubules that transports materials inside the cell?
     Answer: Endoplasmic Reticulum


  17. Which type of cell has a well-defined nucleus?
     Answer: Eukaryotic


  18. What is the organelle responsible for packaging and secretion?
     Answer: Golgi Apparatus


  19. Which organelle contains its own DNA and can self-replicate?
     Answer: Mitochondria


  20. Which organelle detoxifies harmful substances in the cell?
     Answer: Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum


  21. What is the name of the thin, flexible boundary surrounding the cell?
     Answer: Plasma membrane


  22. Which organelle is known as the “control center” of the cell?
     Answer: Nucleus


  23. What is the smallest cell in the human body?
     Answer: Sperm


  24. What is the largest cell in the human body?
     Answer: Ovum


  25. What is the basic structural and functional unit of life?
     Answer: Cell


  26. Which type of transport does not require energy?
     Answer: Passive


  27. Which organelle is known as the “protein factory” of the cell?
     Answer: Ribosome


  28. What is the process by which cells take in solid particles?
     Answer: Phagocytosis


  29. What is the substance that makes up bacterial cell walls?
     Answer: Peptidoglycan


  30. Which part of the nucleus contains genetic material?
     Answer: Chromatin


  31. What is the small structure inside the nucleus that produces ribosomes?
     Answer: Nucleolus


  32. Which type of transport requires ATP?
     Answer: Active


  33. What is the function of cilia and flagella?
     Answer: Movement


  34. What is the process of water moving through a semi-permeable membrane?
     Answer: Osmosis


  35. Which structure regulates what enters and leaves the nucleus?
     Answer: Nuclear membrane


  36. What is the term for a cell without a nucleus?
     Answer: Prokaryotic


  37. Which cell organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins?
     Answer: Golgi Apparatus


  38. What type of cell division produces gametes?
     Answer: Meiosis


  39. What type of cell division is responsible for growth and repair?
     Answer: Mitosis


  40. Which organelle is responsible for intracellular digestion?
     Answer: Lysosome


  41. What is the movement of substances out of the cell called?
     Answer: Exocytosis


  42. What is the movement of substances into the cell called?
     Answer: Endocytosis


  43. What is the study of cells called?
     Answer: Cytology


  44. What are the hair-like projections that help in cell movement?
     Answer: Cilia


  45. What is the rigid structure that gives plant cells their shape?
     Answer: Cell wall


  46. Which scientist observed living cells under a simple microscope?
     Answer: Leeuwenhoek


  47. What is the process by which a cell develops into a specific type?
     Answer: Differentiation


  48. What is the solution inside the vacuole called?
     Answer: Cell sap


  49. What is the term for programmed cell death?
     Answer: Apoptosis


  50. What is the living substance inside the cell including the nucleus?
     Answer: Protoplasm

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    Ch 9 – Weathering
    Ch 10 – Denudation
    Ch 11 – Hydrosphere
    Ch 12 – Composition and Structure of the Atmosphere
    Ch 13 – Insolation
    Ch 14 – Atmospheric Pressure and Winds
    Ch 15 – Humidity
    Ch 16 – Pollution
    Ch 17 – Sources of Pollution
    Ch 18 – Effects of Pollution
    Ch 19 – Preventive Measures
    Ch 20 – Natural Regions of the World

ICSE Grade 9

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Find the Odd Man Out

  1. Nucleus, Mitochondria, Ribosome, Chloroplast
     Odd One: Ribosome (Does not have a membrane)


  2. Cell Wall, Cell Membrane, Nucleus, Cytoplasm
     Odd One: Nucleus (Others are structural parts of the cell)


  3. Mitochondria, Chloroplast, Golgi Apparatus, Ribosome
     Odd One: Ribosome (Does not have a membrane-bound structure)


  4. Osmosis, Diffusion, Active Transport, Photosynthesis
     Odd One: Photosynthesis (Others are types of transport)


  5. Lysosome, Ribosome, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus
     Odd One: Ribosome (Non-membranous organelle)


  6. DNA, RNA, Nucleus, Chromosomes
     Odd One: Nucleus (Others are genetic materials)


  7. Cell Wall, Plasma Membrane, Nucleus, Cytoplasm
     Odd One: Cell Wall (Not present in animal cells)


  8. Bacteria, Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena
     Odd One: Bacteria (Prokaryotic organism)


  9. Mitochondria, Nucleus, Chloroplast, Ribosome
     Odd One: Ribosome (Does not have a double membrane)


  10. Robert Hooke, Rudolf Virchow, Schleiden, Watson
     Odd One: Watson (Not related to cell theory)


  11. ATP, DNA, RNA, Enzymes
     Odd One: ATP (Not directly involved in genetic coding)


  12. Golgi Apparatus, Lysosome, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Ribosome
     Odd One: Ribosome (Non-membranous structure)


  13. Chloroplast, Mitochondria, Cell Wall, Ribosome
     Odd One: Ribosome (Not a membrane-bound organelle)


  14. Cytoplasm, Nucleus, Golgi Apparatus, Ribosome
     Odd One: Ribosome (Not a membrane-bound organelle)


  15. Vacuole, Lysosome, Chloroplast, Centriole
     Odd One: Centriole (Not present in plant cells)


  16. Mitosis, Meiosis, Binary Fission, Photosynthesis
     Odd One: Photosynthesis (Not a type of cell division)


  17. Rough ER, Smooth ER, Mitochondria, Golgi Apparatus
     Odd One: Mitochondria (Others are involved in synthesis and transport)


  18. Passive Transport, Osmosis, Diffusion, Phagocytosis
     Odd One: Phagocytosis (Requires energy)


  19. Cytoplasm, Nucleus, Golgi Apparatus, Ribosome
     Odd One: Ribosome (Not membrane-bound)


  20. Cilia, Flagella, Pseudopodia, Lysosome
     Odd One: Lysosome (Not related to movement)


  21. DNA, RNA, Ribosome, Golgi Apparatus
     Odd One: Golgi Apparatus (Not involved in protein synthesis)


  22. Prophase, Metaphase, Photosynthesis, Telophase
     Odd One: Photosynthesis (Not a stage of cell division)


  23. Chloroplast, Mitochondria, Golgi Apparatus, Nucleolus
     Odd One: Nucleolus (Not a cytoplasmic organelle)


  24. Cell Wall, Chloroplast, Nucleus, Centriole
     Odd One: Centriole (Not present in plant cells)


  25. Osmosis, Active Transport, Diffusion, DNA Replication
     Odd One: DNA Replication (Not a transport process)


  26. Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic, Unicellular, Multicellular
     Odd One: Prokaryotic (Others describe structural levels of organisms)


  27. Vacuole, Lysosome, Mitochondria, Ribosome
     Odd One: Ribosome (Not membrane-bound)


  28. Cytoplasm, Nucleus, Plasma Membrane, Starch
     Odd One: Starch (Not a cell component)


  29. Cellulose, Peptidoglycan, Chitin, ATP
     Odd One: ATP (Not a structural component of the cell wall)


  30. RNA, DNA, Protein, Glucose
     Odd One: Glucose (Not a genetic material)


  31. Robert Hooke, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, Watson, Schleiden
     Odd One: Watson (Not related to cell theory)


  32. Binary Fission, Mitosis, Meiosis, Photosynthesis
     Odd One: Photosynthesis (Not a form of cell division)


  33. Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosome, Chromosome
     Odd One: Chromosome (Not an organelle)


  34. Peptidoglycan, Cellulose, Chitin, Phospholipid
     Odd One: Phospholipid (Not a component of cell walls)


  35. Plasma Membrane, Nucleus, Chloroplast, Mitochondria
     Odd One: Plasma Membrane (Not an organelle)


  36. Ribosome, Chloroplast, Mitochondria, Lysosome
     Odd One: Ribosome (Non-membranous)


  37. Smooth ER, Rough ER, Golgi Apparatus, Ribosome
     Odd One: Ribosome (Does not have a membrane)


  38. Microtubules, Microfilaments, Ribosome, Intermediate filaments
     Odd One: Ribosome (Not part of the cytoskeleton)


  39. Nucleus, Mitochondria, Chloroplast, Vacuole
     Odd One: Nucleus (Not a cytoplasmic organelle)


  40. Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated Diffusion, Active Transport
     Odd One: Active Transport (Requires energy)


  41. Golgi Apparatus, Mitochondria, Lysosome, Chromosome
     Odd One: Chromosome (Not an organelle)


  42. Centrioles, Flagella, Cilia, Lysosome
     Odd One: Lysosome (Not involved in movement)


  43. Mitochondria, Lysosome, Chloroplast, Golgi Apparatus
     Odd One: Lysosome (Not involved in energy production)


  44. Plant Cell, Animal Cell, Bacteria, Virus
     Odd One: Virus (Not a true cell)


  45. DNA, RNA, ATP, Peptidoglycan
     Odd One: Peptidoglycan (Not a nucleic acid or energy molecule)


  46. Golgi Apparatus, Rough ER, Smooth ER, Mitochondria
     Odd One: Mitochondria (Not part of the endomembrane system)


  47. Nucleolus, Nucleus, Golgi Apparatus, Ribosome
     Odd One: Golgi Apparatus (Not involved in genetic material production)


  48. Prokaryote, Bacteria, Fungi, Virus
     Odd One: Virus (Not a living cell)


  49. Mitochondria, Nucleus, Lysosome, Ribosome
     Odd One: Ribosome (Not membrane-bound)


  50. Cell Wall, Chloroplast, Centriole, Vacuole
     Odd One: Centriole (Not found in plant cells)

Match the Pair

Set 1: Match the Pairs

Column A:

  1. Mitochondria
  2. Ribosome
  3. Chloroplast
  4. Nucleus
  5. Plasma membrane

Column B (Shuffled):
 a) Controls all cell activities
 b) Photosynthesis
 c) Produces ATP
 d) Selectively permeable
 e) Protein synthesis

Correct Answers:
 1 – c) Produces ATP
 2 – e) Protein synthesis
 3 – b) Photosynthesis
 4 – a) Controls all cell activities
 5 – d) Selectively permeable




Set 2: Match the Pairs

Column A:

  1. Cell wall
  2. Golgi apparatus
  3. Lysosome
  4. Endoplasmic reticulum
  5. Vacuole

Column B (Shuffled):
 a) Storage of food and water
 b) Modifies and packages proteins
 c) Digestion of waste materials
 d) Provides structural support in plants
 e) Transport of materials within the cell

Correct Answers:
 1 – d) Provides structural support in plants
 2 – b) Modifies and packages proteins
 3 – c) Digestion of waste materials
 4 – e) Transport of materials within the cell
 5 – a) Storage of food and water




Set 3: Match the Pairs

Column A:

  1. Robert Hooke
  2. Rudolf Virchow
  3. Schleiden and Schwann
  4. Anton van Leeuwenhoek
  5. Watson and Crick

Column B (Shuffled):
 a) Proposed cell theory
 b) Discovered DNA structure
 c) Coined the term “cell”
 d) Stated that cells arise from pre-existing cells
 e) Observed living cells under a microscope

Correct Answers:
 1 – c) Coined the term “cell”
 2 – d) Stated that cells arise from pre-existing cells
 3 – a) Proposed cell theory
 4 – e) Observed living cells under a microscope
 5 – b) Discovered DNA structure




Set 4: Match the Pairs

Column A:

  1. Active transport
  2. Osmosis
  3. Diffusion
  4. Phagocytosis
  5. Exocytosis

Column B (Shuffled):
 a) Engulfing solid particles
 b) Water movement through a membrane
 c) Movement from high to low concentration
 d) Expulsion of substances from the cell
 e) Requires energy for movement

Correct Answers:
 1 – e) Requires energy for movement
 2 – b) Water movement through a membrane
 3 – c) Movement from high to low concentration
 4 – a) Engulfing solid particles
 5 – d) Expulsion of substances from the cell




Set 5: Match the Pairs

Column A:

  1. DNA
  2. RNA
  3. ATP
  4. Ribosome
  5. Golgi body

Column B (Shuffled):
 a) Modifies and transports proteins
 b) Stores genetic information
 c) Carries genetic messages
 d) Provides energy for the cell
 e) Site of protein synthesis

Correct Answers:
 1 – b) Stores genetic information
 2 – c) Carries genetic messages
 3 – d) Provides energy for the cell
 4 – e) Site of protein synthesis
 5 – a) Modifies and transports proteins




Set 6: Match the Pairs

Column A:

  1. Prokaryotic cells
  2. Eukaryotic cells
  3. Cell membrane
  4. Cytoplasm
  5. Chromatin

Column B (Shuffled):
 a) Controls exchange of materials
 b) Found inside the nucleus
 c) Lacks a true nucleus
 d) Fluid-filled interior of the cell
 e) Has a well-defined nucleus

Correct Answers:
 1 – c) Lacks a true nucleus
 2 – e) Has a well-defined nucleus
 3 – a) Controls exchange of materials
 4 – d) Fluid-filled interior of the cell
 5 – b) Found inside the nucleus




Set 7: Match the Pairs

Column A:

  1. Rough ER
  2. Smooth ER
  3. Centrioles
  4. Flagella
  5. Cilia

Column B (Shuffled):
 a) Lipid synthesis
 b) Short hair-like structures for movement
 c) Helps in cell division
 d) Helps in protein transport
 e) Long whip-like structure for movement

Correct Answers:
 1 – d) Helps in protein transport
 2 – a) Lipid synthesis
 3 – c) Helps in cell division
 4 – e) Long whip-like structure for movement
 5 – b) Short hair-like structures for movement



Set 8: Match the Pairs

Column A:

  1. Mitosis
  2. Meiosis
  3. Cell theory
  4. Endocytosis
  5. Plasmolysis

Column B (Shuffled):
 a) Shrinking of a cell due to water loss
 b) Engulfing material into the cell
 c) Produces identical daughter cells
 d) Produces gametes
 e) Proposed by Schleiden and Schwann

Correct Answers:
 1 – c) Produces identical daughter cells
 2 – d) Produces gametes
 3 – e) Proposed by Schleiden and Schwann
 4 – b) Engulfing material into the cell
 5 – a) Shrinking of a cell due to water loss



Set 9: Match the Pairs

Column A:

  1. Peptidoglycan
  2. Cellulose
  3. Chitin
  4. Phospholipid
  5. Glycogen

Column B (Shuffled):
 a) Found in insect exoskeleton
 b) Storage form of carbohydrates in animals
 c) Structural component of bacterial cell walls
 d) Found in plant cell walls
 e) Main component of cell membranes

Correct Answers:
 1 – c) Structural component of bacterial cell walls
 2 – d) Found in plant cell walls
 3 – a) Found in insect exoskeleton
 4 – e) Main component of cell membranes
 5 – b) Storage form of carbohydrates in animals



Set 10: Match the Pairs

Column A:

  1. Nucleolus
  2. Nuclear membrane
  3. Chromosomes
  4. Peroxisome
  5. Cytoskeleton

Column B (Shuffled):
 a) Surrounds and protects the nucleus
 b) Contains genetic information
 c) Produces ribosomes
 d) Breaks down toxic substances
 e) Provides structural support to the cell

Correct Answers:
 1 – c) Produces ribosomes
 2 – a) Surrounds and protects the nucleus
 3 – b) Contains genetic information
 4 – d) Breaks down toxic substances
 5 – e) Provides structural support to the cell

Short Answer Questions  

  1. Who discovered the cell and in which year?
     Answer: Robert Hooke discovered the cell in 1665.


  2. What is the basic unit of life?
     Answer: The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life.


  3. What is the main function of the nucleus?
     Answer: The nucleus controls all cell activities and contains genetic material (DNA).


  4. What is the function of mitochondria?
     Answer: Mitochondria generate ATP, the energy currency of the cell.


  5. Why is the plasma membrane called selectively permeable?
     Answer: It allows only specific substances to enter and exit the cell.


  6. What is the primary function of ribosomes?
     Answer: Ribosomes help in protein synthesis.


  7. What is osmosis?
     Answer: Osmosis is the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of high to low concentration.


  8. What is diffusion?
     Answer: Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration without energy use.


  9. What are prokaryotic cells?
     Answer: Prokaryotic cells are cells without a well-defined nucleus (e.g., bacteria).


  10. What are eukaryotic cells?
     Answer: Eukaryotic cells have a well-defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.


  11. What is the function of lysosomes?
     Answer: Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that help in breaking down waste materials.


  12. Why are lysosomes called “suicidal bags”?
     Answer: Because they contain enzymes that can digest the cell if released.


  13. Which organelle is called the “Protein Factory” of the cell?
     Answer: Ribosomes.


  14. What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
     Answer: It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion.


  15. What is the function of vacuoles in plant cells?
     Answer: Vacuoles store water, nutrients, and waste products.


  16. Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis?
     Answer: Chloroplast.


  17. What is the composition of the cell wall?
     Answer: The plant cell wall is made of cellulose.


  18. Which organelle is known as the “Control Center” of the cell?
     Answer: The nucleus.


  19. What is ATP?
     Answer: ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the energy currency of the cell.


  20. What are chromosomes?
     Answer: Chromosomes are thread-like structures made of DNA that carry genetic information.


  21. What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
     Answer: It helps in protein synthesis and transport.


  22. What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
     Answer: It is responsible for lipid synthesis and detoxification.


  23. Which organelle contains its own DNA and can self-replicate?
     Answer: Mitochondria and chloroplasts.


  24. What is active transport?
     Answer: The movement of molecules against the concentration gradient using ATP.


  25. What is passive transport?
     Answer: The movement of molecules without energy use, like diffusion and osmosis.


  26. What is endocytosis?
     Answer: The process by which a cell engulfs materials from its surroundings.


  27. What is exocytosis?
     Answer: The process by which cells expel waste or secrete substances.


  28. Who proposed the Cell Theory?
     Answer: Schleiden and Schwann.


  29. Who stated that all cells arise from pre-existing cells?
     Answer: Rudolf Virchow.


  30. What is the cytoskeleton?
     Answer: A network of protein fibers that provides shape and support to the cell.


  31. Which organelle is responsible for detoxification?
     Answer: The smooth endoplasmic reticulum.


  32. What is plasmolysis?
     Answer: The shrinking of a plant cell when placed in a hypertonic solution.


  33. Which type of cell division occurs in body cells?
     Answer: Mitosis.


  34. Which type of cell division occurs in reproductive cells?
     Answer: Meiosis.


  35. What is the primary function of centrioles?
     Answer: They help in cell division in animal cells.


  36. Which structure regulates what enters and leaves the nucleus?
     Answer: The nuclear membrane.


  37. What is the role of the nucleolus?
     Answer: It produces ribosomes.


  38. What is the function of cilia and flagella?
     Answer: They help in cell movement.


  39. What is phagocytosis?
     Answer: The process by which cells engulf solid particles.


  40. What is the function of peroxisomes?
     Answer: They break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances.


  41. What are plastids?
     Answer: Organelles in plant cells that store food or pigments (e.g., chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts).


  42. What is the function of chromoplasts?
     Answer: They store pigments that give color to flowers and fruits.


  43. What is the difference between plant and animal vacuoles?
     Answer: Plant vacuoles are large and store water, while animal vacuoles are smaller.


  44. What is the primary role of carbohydrates in the plasma membrane?
     Answer: They help in cell recognition and signaling.


  45. What are microtubules?
     Answer: Hollow structures that help maintain cell shape and transport materials.


  46. What is the function of intermediate filaments?
     Answer: They provide mechanical support to the cell.


  47. What is the difference between rough and smooth ER?
     Answer: Rough ER has ribosomes for protein synthesis, while smooth ER does not and is involved in lipid synthesis.


  48. Why do red blood cells lack a nucleus?
     Answer: To maximize space for hemoglobin and oxygen transport.


  49. What is the role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?
     Answer: It maintains membrane fluidity and stability.


  50. What is a tonoplast?
     Answer: The membrane surrounding the vacuole in plant cells.

Puzzles

  1. Organelle responsible for ATP production. → Answer: MITOCHONDRIA

  2. Outer covering found in plant cells but absent in animal cells. → Answer: CELL WALL

  3. The genetic material inside the nucleus. → Answer: DNA

  4. The process of water movement through a semi-permeable membrane. → Answer: OSMOSIS

  5. The ‘suicidal bags’ of the cell. → Answer: LYSOSOMES

  6. Organelle that modifies and packages proteins. → Answer: GOLGI APPARATUS

  7. Organelle where photosynthesis occurs. → Answer: CHLOROPLAST

  8. The smallest structural and functional unit of life. → Answer: CELL

  9. Organelle responsible for protein synthesis. → Answer: RIBOSOME

  10. Process where cells engulf solid particles. → Answer: PHAGOCYTOSIS

  11. C_LL → Answer: CELL

  12. N_C_EUS → Answer: NUCLEUS

  13. M_T_C_ONDR_A → Answer: MITOCHONDRIA

  14. C_ _OMO_OM_ _ → Answer: CHROMOSOME

  15. O_MO_I_ → Answer: OSMOSIS

  16. G_L_I A_P_R_TUS → Answer: GOLGI APPARATUS

  17. E__OP__SMIC R__ICULUM → Answer: ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

  18. P__SM__A M__BR__NE → Answer: PLASMA MEMBRANE

  19. C__L__R_PL__ST → Answer: CHLOROPLAST

  20. V__C__OLE → Answer: VACUOLE

  21. I make energy, ATP is my name. Without me, your body would not be the same. → Answer: MITOCHONDRIA

  22. I digest waste, I clean the cell, If I burst, it won’t be well. → Answer: LYSOSOME

  23. I store all instructions, for how to grow, Without my code, you’d never know. → Answer: DNA

  24. I’m in plant cells, but not in you, I help make food, that’s what I do! → Answer: CHLOROPLAST

  25. I’m the boss, I control the rest, Inside me, your genes are kept best. → Answer: NUCLEUS

  26. I’m a passage, smooth or rough, Transporting proteins is my stuff. → Answer: ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

  27. I’m a covering, flexible and thin, Controlling what comes out and in. → Answer: PLASMA MEMBRANE

  28. I’m filled with water, food, and more, In plants, I’m large; in animals, I store. → Answer: VACUOLE

  29. I’m the skeleton inside the cell, Providing shape and movement as well. → Answer: CYTOSKELETON

  30. I’m found in bacteria, without a true nucleus, My name starts with ‘P’, guess me if you’re curious. → Answer: PROKARYOTE

Difference Between:

  1. Difference between Prokaryotic Cell and Eukaryotic Cell

Answer:

  • Prokaryotic Cell: Lacks a well-defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (e.g., Bacteria).
  • Eukaryotic Cell: Has a well-defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (e.g., Plant and Animal cells).

 

  1. Difference between Plant Cell and Animal Cell

Answer:

  • Plant Cell: Has a cell wall, large vacuole, and chloroplasts.
  • Animal Cell: Lacks a cell wall, has small vacuoles, and lacks chloroplasts.

 

  1. Difference between Mitochondria and Chloroplast

Answer:

  • Mitochondria: Produces ATP through cellular respiration; found in all eukaryotic cells.
  • Chloroplast: Carries out photosynthesis; found only in plant cells.

 

  1. Difference between Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer:

  • Rough ER: Has ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis.
  • Smooth ER: Lacks ribosomes, synthesizes lipids and detoxifies harmful substances.

 

  1. Difference between Diffusion and Osmosis

Answer:

  • Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
  • Osmosis: Movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane.

 

  1. Difference between Active Transport and Passive Transport

Answer:

  • Active Transport: Requires ATP to move molecules against the concentration gradient.
  • Passive Transport: No energy required; molecules move along the concentration gradient.

 

  1. Difference between Nucleus and Nucleolus

Answer:

  • Nucleus: Controls cell activities and contains genetic material.
  • Nucleolus: Found inside the nucleus; produces ribosomes.

 

  1. Difference between Golgi Apparatus and Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer:

  • Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum: Synthesizes and transports proteins and lipids.

 

  1. Difference between Lysosome and Peroxisome

Answer:

  • Lysosome: Contains digestive enzymes to break down waste.
  • Peroxisome: Helps in detoxification and breaking down fatty acids.

 

  1. Difference between Plasmolysis and Turgidity

Answer:

  • Plasmolysis: Cytoplasm shrinks due to water loss in a hypertonic solution.
  • Turgidity: Cell becomes swollen due to water gain in a hypotonic solution.

 

  1. Difference between Cytoplasm and Cytosol

Answer:

  • Cytoplasm: Includes the cytosol and all organelles except the nucleus.
  • Cytosol: The fluid portion of the cytoplasm without organelles.

 

  1. Difference between Chromosome and Chromatin

Answer:

  • Chromosome: Condensed form of DNA during cell division.
  • Chromatin: Uncoiled DNA in a resting cell.

 

  1. Difference between Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Answer:

  • Endocytosis: Process by which the cell takes in materials.
  • Exocytosis: Process by which the cell expels materials.

 

  1. Difference between Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis

Answer:

  • Phagocytosis: Engulfing of solid particles.
  • Pinocytosis: Engulfing of liquid droplets.

 

  1. Difference between Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Cells

Answer:

  • Autotrophic Cells: Contain chloroplasts, capable of photosynthesis (e.g., Plant cells).
  • Heterotrophic Cells: Depend on external food sources (e.g., Animal cells).

 

  1. Difference between Cell Wall and Cell Membrane

Answer:

  • Cell Wall: Present in plant cells, provides structural support, made of cellulose.
  • Cell Membrane: Present in all cells, selectively permeable, made of lipids and proteins.

 

  1. Difference between Meiosis and Mitosis

Answer:

  • Meiosis: Produces gametes, results in four haploid cells, occurs in reproductive cells.
  • Mitosis: Produces body cells, results in two diploid cells, occurs in growth and repair.

 

  1. Difference between DNA and RNA

Answer:

  • DNA: Double-stranded, stores genetic information, found in the nucleus.
  • RNA: Single-stranded, helps in protein synthesis, found in nucleus and cytoplasm.

 

  1. Difference between Flagella and Cilia

Answer:

  • Flagella: Long and few in number, help in cell movement (e.g., Sperm cell).
  • Cilia: Short and numerous, help in movement of substances over the cell surface (e.g., Respiratory tract cells).

 

  1. Difference between Prophase and Metaphase

Answer:

  • Prophase: Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane breaks down, spindle fibers form.
  • Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the center of the cell, spindle fibers attach to centromeres.

Assertion and Reason

Instructions:

  • A: Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
  • B: Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A).
  • C: (A) is true, but (R) is false.
  • D: (A) is false, but (R) is true.


  1. (A): Mitochondria are called the powerhouse of the cell.
     (R): Mitochondria generate ATP, which provides energy for cellular activities.
     Answer: A


  2. (A): Plant cells do not have centrioles.
     (R): Centrioles are involved in the formation of spindle fibers during cell division.
     Answer: B


  3. (A): The nucleus is known as the control center of the cell.
     (R): It contains DNA, which regulates all cellular activities.
     Answer: A


  4. (A): Prokaryotic cells have a well-defined nucleus.
     (R): All cells contain genetic material.
     Answer: D


  5. (A): Ribosomes are membrane-bound organelles.
     (R): Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.
     Answer: C


  6. (A): The plasma membrane is selectively permeable.
     (R): It allows only specific substances to enter and exit the cell.
     Answer: A


  7. (A): Osmosis requires energy.
     (R): Osmosis is the passive movement of water across a membrane.
     Answer: C


  8. (A): Lysosomes are known as the “suicidal bags” of the cell.
     (R): They contain digestive enzymes that break down waste and foreign particles.
     Answer: A


  9. (A): The Golgi apparatus is involved in protein synthesis.
     (R): The Golgi apparatus modifies and packages proteins.
     Answer: B


  10. (A): Chloroplasts are present in animal cells.
     (R): Chloroplasts help in photosynthesis.
     Answer: C


  11. (A): DNA is found only in the nucleus.
     (R): DNA is also present in mitochondria and chloroplasts.
     Answer: D


  12. (A): Diffusion occurs from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration.
     (R): Diffusion is an energy-requiring process.
     Answer: C


  13. (A): The rough endoplasmic reticulum helps in lipid synthesis.
     (R): The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for lipid synthesis.
     Answer: D


  14. (A): Bacteria are prokaryotic cells.
     (R): Bacteria lack a membrane-bound nucleus.
     Answer: A


  15. (A): The cell wall is present in all cells.
     (R): The cell wall provides structural support.
     Answer: C


  16. (A): ATP is produced in mitochondria.
     (R): Mitochondria carry out cellular respiration.
     Answer: A


  17. (A): The nucleolus is responsible for protein synthesis.
     (R): The nucleolus produces ribosomes.
     Answer: B


  18. (A): Active transport moves molecules from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration.
     (R): Active transport requires ATP.
     Answer: A


  19. (A): Plant cells have large vacuoles.
     (R): Vacuoles help in storage and maintaining cell turgidity.
     Answer: A


  20. (A): The plasma membrane is made up of proteins only.
     (R): The plasma membrane is composed of lipids and proteins.
     Answer: D


  21. (A): The mitochondria contain their own DNA.
     (R): Mitochondria can replicate independently.
     Answer: A


  22. (A): The lysosome helps in protein synthesis.
     (R): Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes for digestion.
     Answer: C


  23. (A): The nucleus contains genetic material.
     (R): DNA is located inside the nucleus.
     Answer: A


  24. (A): Cilia and flagella help in cell movement.
     (R): Cilia are shorter and more numerous than flagella.
     Answer: A


  25. (A): Ribosomes are responsible for lipid synthesis.
     (R): Ribosomes help in protein synthesis.
     Answer: C


  26. (A): The endoplasmic reticulum is found only in animal cells.
     (R): The endoplasmic reticulum is present in both plant and animal cells.
     Answer: D


  27. (A): The chloroplast contains chlorophyll.
     (R): Chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis.
     Answer: A


  28. (A): Golgi bodies are involved in digestion.
     (R): Golgi bodies modify and transport proteins.
     Answer: C


  29. (A): Cell theory states that all living organisms are made up of cells.
     (R): Schleiden and Schwann proposed the cell theory.
     Answer: A


  30. (A): Viruses are considered living cells.
     (R): Viruses do not have a cellular structure.
     Answer: D

True or False

  1. The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life.
     Answer: True


  2. Robert Hooke discovered the nucleus of a cell.
     Answer: False (He discovered the cell)


  3. Prokaryotic cells have a well-defined nucleus.
     Answer: False (They lack a nucleus)


  4. The cell membrane is fully permeable.
     Answer: False (It is selectively permeable)


  5. Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell.
     Answer: True


  6. The cell wall is present in both plant and animal cells.
     Answer: False (Only in plant cells)


  7. Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.
     Answer: True


  8. The process of osmosis requires energy.
     Answer: False (It is a passive process)


  9. DNA is found only in the nucleus of a cell.
     Answer: False (Also found in mitochondria and chloroplasts)


  10. Golgi apparatus is involved in packaging and secretion.
     Answer: True


  11. Lysosomes are called the “suicidal bags” of the cell.
     Answer: True


  12. Diffusion requires ATP for transport.
     Answer: False (It is a passive process)


  13. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum helps in lipid synthesis.
     Answer: True


  14. Photosynthesis occurs in the mitochondria.
     Answer: False (It occurs in chloroplasts)


  15. Active transport moves substances against the concentration gradient.
     Answer: True


  16. The nucleolus is involved in ribosome production.
     Answer: True


  17. Bacteria are eukaryotic organisms.
     Answer: False (They are prokaryotic)


  18. Plant cells contain larger vacuoles than animal cells.
     Answer: True


  19. The cell membrane is made up of carbohydrates only.
     Answer: False (It is made of lipids and proteins)


  20. Centrioles are involved in cell division in animal cells.
     Answer: True


  21. The cytoplasm contains all the organelles of a cell.
     Answer: True


  22. The chloroplasts in plant cells store genetic information.
     Answer: False (They perform photosynthesis)


  23. The plasma membrane is a rigid structure.
     Answer: False (It is flexible)


  24. Mitochondria can self-replicate because they have their own DNA.
     Answer: True


  25. The rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes attached to it.
     Answer: True


  26. All cells have a nucleus.
     Answer: False (Prokaryotic cells do not)


  27. ATP is the energy currency of the cell.
     Answer: True


  28. The process of phagocytosis involves engulfing solid particles.
     Answer: True


  29. Cilia and flagella are used for cell movement.
     Answer: True


  30. The nuclear membrane is present in prokaryotic cells.
     Answer: False (They lack a nuclear membrane)


  31. Osmosis refers to the movement of solutes across a membrane.
     Answer: False (It is the movement of water)


  32. The Golgi apparatus helps in the modification of proteins.
     Answer: True


  33. All plant cells contain chloroplasts.
     Answer: False (Only green plant cells do)


  34. The mitochondria produce energy through photosynthesis.
     Answer: False (They produce energy through respiration)


  35. The function of ribosomes is protein synthesis.
     Answer: True


  36. Exocytosis is the process of taking substances into the cell.
     Answer: False (It is the process of removing substances)


  37. Peptidoglycan is a component of bacterial cell walls.
     Answer: True


  38. The cell theory was proposed by Schleiden and Schwann.
     Answer: True


  39. Viruses are made up of cells.
     Answer: False (They are acellular)


  40. The process of mitosis results in two identical daughter cells.
     Answer: True


  41. DNA replication occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
     Answer: False (It occurs in the nucleus)


  42. The cytoskeleton helps maintain the shape of the cell.
     Answer: True


  43. The endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for packaging proteins.
     Answer: False (The Golgi apparatus does this)


  44. The movement of gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs by diffusion.
     Answer: True


  45. Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller than eukaryotic cells.
     Answer: True


  46. Centrioles are present in plant cells.
     Answer: False (They are found in animal cells)


  47. Plasmolysis occurs when a plant cell is placed in a hypotonic solution.
     Answer: False (It occurs in a hypertonic solution)


  48. The nucleolus is found inside the nucleus.
     Answer: True


  49. DNA carries genetic information in all living organisms.
     Answer: True


  50. The primary function of mitochondria is protein synthesis.
     Answer: False (Their primary function is energy production)

Long Answer Questions

  1. What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
     Answer: Prokaryotic cells lack a well-defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (e.g., bacteria), while eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus and organelles (e.g., plant and animal cells).


  2. Explain the structure and function of mitochondria.
     Answer: Mitochondria are double-membraned organelles with inner folds called cristae. They generate ATP through cellular respiration and contain their own DNA, allowing them to self-replicate.


  3. Describe the functions of the plasma membrane.
     Answer: The plasma membrane is selectively permeable, regulating material exchange, maintaining cell shape, and facilitating communication through receptors. It consists of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins.


  4. Explain the process of osmosis with an example.
     Answer: Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to lower concentration. Example: Water entering plant roots from the soil.


  5. What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum in a cell?
     Answer: The rough ER helps in protein synthesis due to ribosomes, while the smooth ER synthesizes lipids and detoxifies harmful substances.


  6. What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
     Answer: The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for storage or transport out of the cell.


  7. Describe the structure and function of lysosomes.
     Answer: Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes that break down waste, foreign materials, and old organelles.


  8. Explain the difference between diffusion and active transport.
     Answer: Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules from high to low concentration, while active transport requires ATP to move molecules against the concentration gradient.


  9. Why is the cell wall important in plant cells?
     Answer: The cell wall provides rigidity, protection, and prevents excessive water loss. It is made of cellulose and supports plant structure.


  10. How does the nucleus control cell functions?
     Answer: The nucleus contains DNA, which codes for proteins that regulate cell activities. It also controls cell growth, division, and differentiation.


  11. What are the functions of vacuoles in plant and animal cells?
     Answer: Vacuoles store water, nutrients, and waste. In plants, the central vacuole maintains turgor pressure, while in animals, vacuoles are smaller and help in storage.


  12. What are the structural differences between plant and animal cells?
     Answer: Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole, while animal cells have centrioles and small vacuoles but lack a cell wall.


  13. What is active transport? Give an example.
     Answer: Active transport is the movement of molecules against the concentration gradient using ATP. Example: Sodium-potassium pump in nerve cells.


  14. Describe the role of centrioles in animal cells.
     Answer: Centrioles help in cell division by organizing spindle fibers that separate chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis.


  15. Explain the process of exocytosis.
     Answer: Exocytosis is the process where vesicles containing waste or secretory products fuse with the plasma membrane to release contents outside the cell.


  16. What are plastids? Name their types.
     Answer: Plastids are organelles found in plant cells. Types:


  • Chloroplasts (photosynthesis)
  • Chromoplasts (store pigments)
  • Leucoplasts (store starch, proteins, or oils)

 

  1. Explain the structure and function of ribosomes.
    Answer: Ribosomes are small, non-membranous organelles composed of rRNA and proteins. They are involved in protein synthesis and can be free-floating or attached to the rough ER.


  2. Describe the role of cilia and flagella in cells.
    Answer: Cilia and flagella are hair-like structures that aid in cell movement. Cilia are short and numerous, while flagella are long and few in number.


  3. Explain the significance of ATP in the cell.
    Answer: ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the primary energy carrier in cells. It provides energy for various cellular processes, including transport, movement, and metabolism.


  4. What is phagocytosis? Give an example.
    Answer: Phagocytosis is the engulfing of solid particles by a cell. Example: White blood cells engulfing bacteria.


  5. What is plasmolysis?
    Answer: Plasmolysis is the shrinkage of the cytoplasm when a plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, causing water loss.


  6. Explain the importance of DNA in a cell.
    Answer: DNA carries genetic information that determines cell functions, characteristics, and is passed from one generation to the next.


  7. Describe the stages of mitosis.
    Answer: Mitosis consists of:


  • Prophase: Chromosomes condense, spindle fibers form.
  • Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the center.
  • Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate.
  • Telophase: Nucleus reforms, cytoplasm divides.
  1. What is meiosis and why is it important?
    Answer:     Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes (sperm and eggs) with half the chromosome number, ensuring genetic diversity.


  2. What is the function of the nucleolus?
    Answer: The nucleolus is responsible for producing ribosomes and rRNA.


  3. How do cells communicate with each other?
    Answer: Cells communicate through chemical signals such as hormones and neurotransmitters that bind to receptor proteins.


  4. Explain the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane.
    Answer: The plasma membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, allowing fluidity and selective permeability.


  5. What is the role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?
    Answer: Cholesterol maintains membrane stability and fluidity by preventing excessive movement of phospholipids.


29. What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?
 Answer: Water enters the cell, causing it to swell and possibly burst (lysis in animal cells, turgid in plant cells).

Give Reasons

  1. Mitochondria are called the powerhouse of the cell.
     Answer: Mitochondria produce ATP through cellular respiration, providing energy for the cell’s activities.


  2. Lysosomes are known as the “suicidal bags” of the cell.
     Answer: They contain hydrolytic enzymes that can break down the cell’s own components if released.


  3. Ribosomes are called the protein factories of the cell.
     Answer: Ribosomes synthesize proteins by linking amino acids according to genetic instructions.


  4. The plasma membrane is called selectively permeable.
     Answer: It allows only certain substances to pass while restricting others.


  5. Plant cells have a large central vacuole.
     Answer: It stores water, nutrients, and waste products and helps maintain turgor pressure.


  6. Prokaryotic cells do not have a well-defined nucleus.
     Answer: They lack a nuclear membrane, and their DNA is freely floating in the cytoplasm.


  7. Golgi apparatus is known as the packaging center of the cell.
     Answer: It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or use within the cell.


  8. Red blood cells lack a nucleus.
     Answer: This increases space for hemoglobin, maximizing oxygen transport.


  9. Chloroplasts are present only in plant cells.
     Answer: They contain chlorophyll, which is required for photosynthesis, a process unique to plants.


  10. Cell wall is absent in animal cells.
     Answer: Animal cells require flexibility for movement, unlike plant cells, which need rigidity.


  11. Centrioles are absent in plant cells.
     Answer: Plant cells use other structures for cell division, such as the cell plate.


  12. Osmosis does not require energy.
     Answer: It is a passive process where water moves from a high to a low concentration without ATP.


  13. Active transport requires energy.
     Answer: It moves substances against the concentration gradient, which requires ATP.


  14. Mitochondria have their own DNA.
     Answer: They can self-replicate and produce some of their own proteins.


  15. The nucleus is considered the control center of the cell.
     Answer: It regulates all cell activities and contains genetic material.


  16. A cell cannot survive without a plasma membrane.
     Answer: It regulates material exchange and protects internal structures.


  17. Lysosomes play a crucial role in immunity.
     Answer: They digest bacteria and foreign substances that enter the cell.


  18. Diffusion occurs faster in gases than in liquids.
     Answer: Gas molecules move freely with more kinetic energy, making diffusion faster.


  19. Plant cells do not burst in hypotonic solutions.
     Answer: The rigid cell wall prevents excessive swelling by providing structural support.


  20. Amoeba uses pseudopodia for movement.
     Answer: Pseudopodia extend and retract to help the cell move and engulf food.


  21. Cilia and flagella help in movement.
     Answer: They generate wave-like movements to propel cells or move substances.


  22. Bacteria can survive without a nucleus.
     Answer: Their genetic material is in the nucleoid region, and they perform functions without a nucleus.


  23. Plasmolysis occurs in a hypertonic solution.
     Answer: Water leaves the cell, causing the cytoplasm to shrink.


  24. Chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis.
     Answer: It absorbs sunlight, which is required for converting carbon dioxide and water into glucose.


  25. Rough endoplasmic reticulum is associated with protein synthesis.
     Answer: It has ribosomes attached to its surface, which synthesize proteins.


  26. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum helps in detoxification.
     Answer: It breaks down toxins and harmful substances in the liver cells.


  27. Golgi apparatus is well developed in secretory cells.
     Answer: It is responsible for modifying and packaging proteins for secretion.


  28. Viruses are considered non-living outside a host cell.
     Answer: They cannot reproduce or perform metabolic activities without a host.


  29. Plastids are found only in plant cells.
     Answer: They help in photosynthesis, pigment storage, and food storage.


  30. Meiosis is essential for sexual reproduction.
     Answer: It produces gametes with half the chromosome number to maintain genetic stability.


  31. Mitosis produces genetically identical cells.
     Answer: It ensures the daughter cells have the same DNA as the parent cell for growth and repair.


  32. DNA is called the blueprint of life.
     Answer: It contains genetic instructions for the development and functioning of an organism.


  33. The nucleolus is responsible for ribosome production.
     Answer: It synthesizes ribosomal RNA and assembles ribosomal subunits.


  34. Plasma membrane helps in cell recognition.
     Answer: It contains receptor proteins that interact with external molecules.


  35. ATP is known as the energy currency of the cell.
     Answer: It provides energy for various cellular activities.


  36. The central vacuole in plant cells helps maintain turgor pressure.
     Answer: It stores water and exerts pressure against the cell wall for structural support.


  37. Glycogen is the storage form of carbohydrates in animal cells.
     Answer: It serves as an energy reserve in liver and muscle cells.


  38. Microtubules help in cell division.
     Answer: They form spindle fibers that separate chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis.


  39. Flagella help bacteria move.
     Answer: Flagella rotate to propel bacteria through liquids.


  40. The cytoskeleton provides shape to the cell.
     Answer: It consists of protein filaments that maintain cell structure and movement.


  41. Viruses do not have cellular organelles.
     Answer: They rely on host cells for replication and metabolic activities.


  42. Chloroplasts contain their own DNA.
     Answer: They can self-replicate and produce some of their own proteins.


  43. Golgi bodies are involved in the formation of lysosomes.
     Answer: They package hydrolytic enzymes into vesicles that become lysosomes.


  44. Bacteria reproduce by binary fission.
     Answer: They split into two identical cells without mitosis.


  45. Chromatin condenses into chromosomes during cell division.
     Answer: This ensures the equal distribution of genetic material.


  46. White blood cells use phagocytosis to kill bacteria.
     Answer: They engulf and digest bacteria using lysosomal enzymes.


  47. Cytoplasm contains enzymes required for metabolic reactions.
     Answer: It serves as the site for glycolysis and other biochemical processes.


  48. The nuclear membrane disappears during cell division.
     Answer: This allows chromosomes to move freely and align properly.


  49. The phospholipid bilayer provides flexibility to the plasma membrane.
     Answer: Its fluid nature allows movement of proteins and lipids.


  50. The sodium-potassium pump is an example of active transport.
     Answer: It moves sodium and potassium ions against the concentration gradient using ATP.

Arrange the Words 

Case Studies

Case Study 1

Question: A scientist discovers a unicellular organism without a well-defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. The DNA is freely floating in the cytoplasm.

  • What type of cell is this?
  • Give an example of such an organism.

Answer:

  • This is a prokaryotic cell.
  • Example: Bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli).

 

Case Study 2

Question: A doctor diagnoses a child with a metabolic disorder where the cell fails to break down waste materials properly. Upon testing, the problem is found in an organelle responsible for intracellular digestion.

  • Which organelle is defective?
  • What is its function?

Answer:

  • The defective organelle is Lysosome.
  • Function: Breaks down waste materials, cellular debris, and foreign substances using digestive enzymes.

 

Case Study 3

Question: A plant cell placed in a hypertonic solution starts shrinking.

  • What is this process called?
  • Why does the cell shrink?

Answer:

  • The process is called Plasmolysis.
  • The cell shrinks because water moves out of the cell due to osmosis, causing the cytoplasm to contract away from the cell wall.

 

Case Study 4

Question: A student observes a cell under a microscope and identifies chloroplasts in it.

  • What type of cell is this?
  • What is the function of chloroplasts?

Answer:

  • This is a plant cell.
  • Function of chloroplasts: They perform photosynthesis by converting sunlight into energy.

 

Case Study 5

Question: An athlete experiences muscle fatigue due to a lack of ATP production.

  • Which organelle is responsible for ATP production?
  • What is the process called?

Answer:

  • The Mitochondria are responsible for ATP production.
  • The process is called Cellular Respiration.

 

Case Study 6

Question: A person has a genetic disorder where their cells cannot transport oxygen properly due to the absence of a specific cellular component.

  • Which cell is affected?
  • Why does this happen?

Answer:

  • The affected cell is the Red Blood Cell (RBC).
  • This happens because RBCs lack a nucleus, and in genetic disorders like sickle cell anemia, abnormal hemoglobin affects oxygen transport.

 

Case Study 7

Question: A biologist observes two cells under a microscope: one has a large vacuole, a rigid cell wall, and chloroplasts, while the other lacks these structures.

  • Identify the two types of cells.

Answer:

  • The cell with a large vacuole, cell wall, and chloroplasts is a Plant Cell.
  • The cell without these structures is an Animal Cell.

 

Case Study 8

Question: A scientist discovers a single-celled organism that moves using pseudopodia.

  • What is this organism?
  • What is the function of pseudopodia?

Answer:

  • The organism is Amoeba.
  • Pseudopodia help in movement and engulfing food (phagocytosis).

 

Case Study 9

Question: A biologist is studying a nerve cell and notices that it is long and branched.

  • Why is this shape important?
  • What is the function of a nerve cell?

Answer:

  • The long and branched shape allows nerve cells to transmit signals quickly over long distances.
  • Function: Transmits electrical impulses between different parts of the body.

 

Case Study 10

Question: A person experiences difficulty in digestion due to improper enzyme secretion.

  • Which cell organelle might be malfunctioning?
  • Why?

Answer:

  • The Golgi Apparatus might be malfunctioning.
  • It is responsible for modifying and packaging digestive enzymes for secretion.

 

Case Study 11

Question: A scientist removes the nucleus from a living cell.

  • What will happen to the cell?
  • Why?

Answer:

  • The cell will not be able to function properly and eventually die.
  • The nucleus controls all cell activities and contains DNA for protein synthesis.

 

Case Study 12

Question: A person is diagnosed with a disorder where their liver cannot detoxify harmful substances efficiently.

  • Which organelle might be affected?
  • What is its function?

Answer:

  • The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) might be affected.
  • Function: Detoxifies harmful substances in liver cells.

 

Case Study 13

Question: A bacterial cell is treated with antibiotics that destroy its cell wall.

  • What will happen to the bacteria?
  • Why?

Answer:

  • The bacteria will burst due to osmotic pressure.
  • The cell wall provides structural support and prevents bursting in a hypotonic environment.

 

Case Study 14

Question: A scientist finds a cell that lacks mitochondria.

  • What type of organism might this be?
  • How does it obtain energy?

Answer:

  • This might be a prokaryotic organism (e.g., bacteria).
  • It obtains energy through fermentation or using the cell membrane for respiration.

 

Case Study 15

Question: A scientist observes that a cell is undergoing rapid division.

  • What type of cell division is taking place?
  • Name one process where this occurs.

Answer:

  • The cell is undergoing Mitosis.
  • This occurs in growth, wound healing, and tissue repair.

 

Case Study 16

Question: A plant is wilting due to water loss.

  • Which organelle is responsible for water storage?
  • How does it help in maintaining plant structure?

Answer:

  • The Vacuole stores water.
  • It helps maintain turgor pressure, keeping the plant upright.

 

Case Study 17

Question: A researcher identifies a cell that has no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, and a peptidoglycan cell wall.

  • What type of cell is this?

Answer:

  • This is a Prokaryotic Cell (Bacteria).

 

Case Study 18

Question: A person lacks sufficient oxygen in their body despite normal breathing. The doctor suspects a problem in a cellular organelle.

  • Which organelle might be affected?
  • Why?

Answer:

  • The Mitochondria might be affected.
  • Mitochondria use oxygen to produce ATP for cellular energy.

 

Case Study 19

Question: A plant placed in distilled water swells but does not burst.

  • Why does this happen?
  • What is the term for this condition?

Answer:

  • The cell wall prevents bursting by providing support.
  • This condition is called Turgidity.

 

Case Study 20

Question: A scientist identifies a new cell that has DNA but lacks a nuclear membrane.

  • What type of cell is this?

Answer:

  • This is a Prokaryotic Cell (e.g., Bacteria).

Numericals

Numeric problems are not available for this chapter.

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