ICSE – Grade 10 – Geography – Ch 01 – QA

Questions & Answers

ICSE - Grade - 10

Subject: Geography

Chapter - 01 - Interpretation of Topographical Maps - I

Types of Questions

MCQ

  1. What is the scale of a topographical map used in ICSE Geography?
     a) 1:1000
     b) 1:25000
     c) 1:50000
     d) 1:100000
     Answer: c) 1:50000

 

  1. Which colour is used to show water bodies on a topographical map?
    a) Black
    b) Red
     c) Blue
     d) Green
     Answer: c) Blue

 

  1. What does the symbol ‘r8’ indicate on a map?
    a) Spot height
    b) Relative height
     c) River depth
     d) Ridge length
     Answer: b) Relative height

 

  1. Which symbol is used for a perennial well?
    a) ○
    b) ●
     c) ▭
     d) ■
     Answer: b) ●

 

  1. What feature is represented by brown lines on a topographical map?
    a) Water bodies
    b) Roads
     c) Contours
     d) Railways
     Answer: c) Contours

 

  1. What does a blue dashed line represent?
    a) Perennial river
    b) Seasonal stream
     c) Canal
     d) Road
     Answer: b) Seasonal stream

 

  1. The direction at the top of a topographical map is always:
    a) South
    b) North
     c) West
     d) East
     Answer: b) North

 

  1. What is the symbol used to represent a metalled road (NH/SH)?
    a) Red dashed line
    b) Blue solid line
     c) Double red solid line
     d) Black line with ticks
     Answer: c) Double red solid line

 

  1. What does the symbol ‘•285’ represent?
    a) Relative height
    b) Spot height
     c) Benchmark
     d) Peak
     Answer: b) Spot height

 

  1. Which colour shows cultivated land on a map?
    a) Green
    b) Yellow
     c) Red
     d) Blue
     Answer: b) Yellow

 

  1. What is shown by closely spaced contour lines?
    a) Steep slope
    b) Gentle slope
     c) Plain land
     d) Depression
     Answer: a) Steep slope

 

  1. What is the symbol for a temple on a map?
    a) +
    b) ⊗
     c) ⬛
     d) ▲
     Answer: b) ⊗

 

  1. Which feature does the symbol ▭ represent?
    a) Forest
    b) Well
     c) Tank
     d) Settlement
     Answer: c) Tank

 

  1. A bridge on a map is shown by:
    a) ▬▬
    b) +
     c) =//=
     d) ╬═╬
     Answer: c) =//=

 

  1. Which organisation prepares topographical maps in India?
    a) ISRO
    b) Indian Army
     c) Survey of India
     d) Geological Survey of India
     Answer: c) Survey of India

 

  1. Which feature is shown using green colour?
    a) Contours
    b) Roads
     c) Water bodies
     d) Vegetation
     Answer: d) Vegetation

 

  1. What does a black square (■) indicate?
    a) Forest
    b) Permanent building
     c) Temple
     d) Settlement boundary
     Answer: b) Permanent building

 

  1. Which symbol is used for a railway line?
    a) ▬▬
    b) = =
     c) ═╬═
     d) . . .
     Answer: c) ═╬═

 

  1. What does a dotted green area represent?
    a) Forest
    b) Mixed jungle
     c) Scrub
     d) Cultivated land
     Answer: c) Scrub

 

  1. What is the importance of a legend in a map?
    a) Shows scale
    b) Indicates map title
     c) Explains symbols
     d) Gives directions
     Answer: c) Explains symbols

 

  1. A tank is shown in which colour?
    a) Green
    b) Brown
     c) Blue
     d) Black
     Answer: c) Blue

 

  1. What does a dashed red line indicate?
    a) Metalled road
    b) Footpath
     c) Unmetalled road
     d) Cart track
     Answer: c) Unmetalled road

 

  1. What do hachured contours represent?
    a) Hill
    b) Valley
     c) Depression
     d) Ridge
     Answer: c) Depression

 

  1. A fire line is shown by:
    a) Parallel green lines
    b) Thick black line
     c) Straight black line through forest
     d) Wavy blue line
     Answer: c) Straight black line through forest

 

  1. Which of the following is a man-made feature?
    a) Hill
    b) River
     c) Tank
     d) Ridge
     Answer: c) Tank

 

  1. What does ‘P.O.’ on a map mean?
    a) Police outpost
    b) Post office
     c) Public office
     d) Private organisation
     Answer: b) Post office

 

  1. A causeway is shown where:
    a) A road crosses a river
    b) A river splits
     c) A dam is built
     d) Vegetation changes
     Answer: a) A road crosses a river

 

  1. Broken ground is usually found in:
    a) Forest areas
    b) River valleys
     c) Eroded areas
     d) Urban areas
     Answer: c) Eroded areas

 

  1. Spot heights are shown in:
    a) Metres
    b) Kilometres
     c) Degrees
     d) Feet
     Answer: a) Metres

 

  1. What does a mosque symbol look like?
    a) ⊗
    b) +
     c) Crescent with star
     d) •
     Answer: c) Crescent with star

 

  1. What does a line with small perpendicular ticks represent?
    a) Road
    b) Contour
     c) Embankment
     d) Boundary
     Answer: c) Embankment

 

  1. The colour brown on a map indicates:
    a) Elevation
    b) Water bodies
     c) Settlements
     d) Forest
     Answer: a) Elevation

 

  1. Which feature is shown by a circle with a dot in the centre?
    a) Well
    b) Surveyed tree
     c) Spot height
     d) Temple
     Answer: b) Surveyed tree

 

  1. Meanders are associated with:
    a) Forests
    b) Roads
     c) Rivers
     d) Canals
     Answer: c) Rivers

 

  1. Blue dashed lines indicate:
    a) Perennial rivers
    b) Seasonal rivers
     c) Roads
     d) Railways
     Answer: b) Seasonal rivers

 

  1. ‘P.S.’ on a map stands for:
    a) Power station
    b) Police station
     c) Petrol station
     d) Post office
     Answer: b) Police station

 

  1. Canal irrigation is shown by:
    a) Brown line
    b) Blue straight line
     c) Dashed green line
     d) Dotted black line
     Answer: b) Blue straight line

 

  1. Which of the following is not shown by a contour?
    a) Slope
    b) Height
     c) Water depth
     d) Hill shape
     Answer: c) Water depth

 

  1. What does ‘Br’ near a water body indicate?
    a) Broad river
    b) Broken water
     c) Brackish water
     d) Branch canal
     Answer: c) Brackish water

 

  1. What type of slope do widely spaced contours represent?
    a) Steep slope
    b) Cliff
     c) Gentle slope
     d) Depression
     Answer: c) Gentle slope

 

  1. A siphon is used when a canal:
    a) Crosses over a river
    b) Runs below a road
     c) Ends in a tank
     d) Goes uphill
     Answer: b) Runs below a road

 

  1. Which feature is shown by blue polygonal shapes?
    a) Rocks
    b) Forests
     c) Tanks
     d) Settlements
     Answer: c) Tanks

 

  1. A benchmark is usually shown with:
    a) BM 250.8
    b) r8
     c) +250
     d) •250
     Answer: a) BM 250.8

 

  1. Parallel green lines represent:
    a) Forest
    b) Scrub
     c) Plantation
     d) Mixed jungle
     Answer: c) Plantation

 

  1. Which feature is not natural?
    a) River
    b) Ridge
     c) Canal
     d) Hill
     Answer: c) Canal

 

  1. Sheet rock is represented by:
    a) Dotted black area
    b) Green shading
     c) Rectangular stone symbol
     d) Crossed blue lines
     Answer: c) Rectangular stone symbol

 

  1. Which of the following shows cultivated land?
    a) Yellow wash
    b) Green dots
     c) Red lines
     d) Blue shading
     Answer: a) Yellow wash

 

  1. What feature is shown by concentric contours?
    a) Valley
    b) Hill
     c) Plateau
     d) Plain
     Answer: b) Hill

 

  1. A diggi is a:
    a) Stone quarry
    b) Type of well
     c) Man-made tank (Rajasthan)
     d) Rock outcrop
     Answer: c) Man-made tank (Rajasthan)

 

  1. Which feature is shown by a small rectangle with diagonal slash?
    a) Bridge
    b) Stone quarry
     c) Culvert
     d) Diggi
     Answer: b) Stone quarry

Fill in the Blanks

  1. The scale of the Survey of India topographical maps used in ICSE is __________.
     Answer: 1:50000


  2. The colour used to show water bodies on a map is __________.
     Answer: Blue


  3. Contour lines are drawn in __________ colour.
     Answer: Brown


  4. The standard direction shown at the top of a map is __________.
     Answer: North


  5. The organisation responsible for preparing topographical maps in India is __________.
     Answer: Survey of India


  6. The symbol ● on a map represents a __________.
     Answer: Perennial well


  7. The symbol ○ on a map represents a __________.
     Answer: Dry well


  8. The symbol •285 on a map refers to a __________.
     Answer: Spot height


  9. The symbol r8 on a map stands for __________.
     Answer: Relative height


  10. The colour green on a topographical map represents __________.
     Answer: Vegetation


  11. A __________ road is represented by two solid red lines.
     Answer: Metalled


  12. A dashed red line indicates a(n) __________ road.
     Answer: Unmetalled


  13. A double dashed line (= =) on a map represents a __________.
     Answer: Cart track


  14. Footpaths are shown on a map using __________ lines.
     Answer: Dotted


  15. Blue dashed lines represent __________ streams.
     Answer: Seasonal


  16. A black square (■) on a map indicates a __________.
     Answer: Permanent building


  17. A temple is shown on a topographical map using the symbol __________.
     Answer: ⊗


  18. The symbol ═╬═ on a map represents a __________.
     Answer: Railway line


  19. The symbol P.O. on a map stands for __________.
     Answer: Post Office


  20. The embankment is shown by a __________ line with perpendicular ticks.
     Answer: Thick black


  21. The tank is represented on a map by a __________ shape filled in blue.
     Answer: Rectangle


  22. Closely spaced contour lines represent a __________ slope.
     Answer: Steep


  23. Widely spaced contour lines represent a __________ slope.
     Answer: Gentle


  24. Hachured contour lines indicate a __________.
     Answer: Depression


  25. A meander is a feature of a __________.
     Answer: River


  26. The colour yellow on a topographical map shows __________ land.
     Answer: Cultivated


  27. The benchmark is represented as __________.
     Answer: BM followed by a number (e.g., BM 256.7)


  28. A surveyed tree is represented by a circle with a __________ inside.
     Answer: Dot


  29. Brackish water is labelled on the map as __________.
     Answer: Br


  30. Plantation is shown using __________ green lines.
     Answer: Parallel


  31. Scrub vegetation is shown as __________.
     Answer: Green dots


  32. Dense forest is represented by __________ green shading.
     Answer: Solid


  33. Rock outcrop is a __________ feature shown by jagged black symbols.
     Answer: Natural


  34. A diggi is a small __________ tank used mainly in Rajasthan.
     Answer: Man-made


  35. A fire line is a __________ path cleared in forests.
     Answer: Straight


  36. The slope of land is studied with the help of __________ lines.
     Answer: Contour


  37. The canal is shown using a __________ blue line.
     Answer: Straight


  38. A causeway is shown where a road crosses a __________.
     Answer: Stream or river


  39. Broken ground is a __________ feature caused by erosion.
     Answer: Relief


  40. A stone quarry is represented on the map using a small rectangle with a __________ line.
     Answer: Diagonal


  41. A sluice gate is shown where water is __________.
     Answer: Controlled


  42. A siphon is used when a canal passes __________ a road or stream.
     Answer: Under


  43. An aqueduct is a __________ structure that carries canal water over a valley or drain.
     Answer: Bridge-like


  44. The symbol =//= represents a __________.
     Answer: Bridge


  45. The legend in a map explains the __________.
     Answer: Symbols and colours


  46. The distance between two eastings or northings on a 1:50000 topo sheet is __________.
     Answer: 2 cm


  47. Relief is best shown in a topographical map by __________.
     Answer: Contour lines


  48. A settlement is identified on the map using a cluster of __________.
     Answer: Black squares


  49. The topographical map provides both __________ and man-made features.
     Answer: Natural


  50. Grid references are used to locate features using __________ and __________.
     Answer: Eastings, Northings

Name the Following

  1. Name the organisation that prepares topographical maps in India.
     Answer: Survey of India


  2. Name the type of map which shows both physical and cultural features in detail.
     Answer: Topographical map


  3. Name the colour used to show water bodies on a topographical map.
     Answer: Blue


  4. Name the colour used to indicate contours.
     Answer: Brown


  5. Name the colour used to show vegetation.
     Answer: Green


  6. Name the colour used to show roads and major settlements.
     Answer: Red


  7. Name the colour used to represent cultivable land.
     Answer: Yellow


  8. Name the symbol used for a perennial well.
     Answer: ●


  9. Name the symbol used for a dry well.
     Answer: ○


  10. Name the symbol used to indicate spot height.
     Answer: • followed by a number (e.g., •285)


  11. Name the symbol used for relative height.
     Answer: r followed by height (e.g., r8)


  12. Name the feature shown by concentric contour lines.
     Answer: Hill


  13. Name the feature shown by contours with inward hachures.
     Answer: Depression


  14. Name the road represented by two solid red lines.
     Answer: Metalled road (National or State Highway)


  15. Name the road represented by a single dashed red line.
     Answer: Unmetalled road


  16. Name the transport feature shown by a black line with ticks across it.
     Answer: Railway line


  17. Name the natural feature represented by a blue dashed line.
     Answer: Seasonal river


  18. Name the type of settlement shown by clusters of black squares.
     Answer: Permanent settlement


  19. Name the religious feature represented by the symbol ⊗.
     Answer: Temple


  20. Name the religious place represented by a cross symbol (+).
     Answer: Church


  21. Name the communication facility marked as P.O. on the map.
     Answer: Post Office


  22. Name the administrative facility marked as P.S. on the map.
     Answer: Police Station


  23. Name the agricultural feature represented by parallel green lines.
     Answer: Plantation


  24. Name the vegetation shown by green dots.
     Answer: Scrub


  25. Name the vegetation shown by solid green shading.
     Answer: Dense forest


  26. Name the man-made water feature represented by a blue rectangle.
     Answer: Tank


  27. Name the relief feature shown by widely spaced contour lines.
     Answer: Gentle slope


  28. Name the relief feature shown by closely spaced contour lines.
     Answer: Steep slope


  29. Name the symbol used for a surveyed tree.
     Answer: ○ with a + inside


  30. Name the symbol used to represent a canal.
     Answer: Straight blue line


  31. Name the bridge-like structure carrying water across a valley.
     Answer: Aqueduct


  32. Name the feature used to control water flow in a canal.
     Answer: Sluice gate


  33. Name the underground crossing feature of a canal below a road.
     Answer: Siphon


  34. Name the road feature shown across a river or stream.
     Answer: Causeway


  35. Name the symbol that shows elevation by joining places of equal height.
     Answer: Contour lines


  36. Name the structure shown by a thick black line with perpendicular ticks.
     Answer: Embankment


  37. Name the symbol used to represent a stone quarry.
     Answer: Rectangle with a diagonal slash


  38. Name the small rectangular tank used in Rajasthan.
     Answer: Diggi


  39. Name the loop-like bend in a river’s course.
     Answer: Meander


  40. Name the degraded relief feature caused by erosion.
     Answer: Broken ground


  41. Name the area where water is partly salty and partly fresh.
     Answer: Brackish water


  42. Name the label used to indicate brackish water.
     Answer: Br


  43. Name the symbol used for a bridge on a river.
     Answer: =//=


  44. Name the unit used to measure spot and relative heights.
     Answer: Metres


  45. Name the method used to locate a point using easting and northing.
     Answer: Grid reference


  46. Name the area shown by black dots indicating rocky land.
     Answer: Stony waste


  47. Name the black jagged symbol used to show exposed rock surface.
     Answer: Rock outcrop


  48. Name the symbol BM refers to on a topographical map.
     Answer: Benchmark


  49. Name the topographical sheet commonly used in ICSE exams.
     Answer: 45D/7 or 45D/10


  50. Name the part of the map which explains the meaning of symbols.
     Answer: Legend or Key

Answer in One Word

  1. Which organisation publishes the official topographical maps in India?
     Answer: Survey of India


  2. What colour signifies the presence of rivers and lakes on a topo sheet?
     Answer: Blue


  3. Which colour is typically used for showing height using contour lines?
     Answer: Brown


  4. What colour would you use to represent forest areas on a topographical map?
     Answer: Green


  5. Which shade is applied for denoting cultivated land?
     Answer: Yellow


  6. A filled circular symbol on a topo sheet shows which water source?
     Answer: Perennial well


  7. A hollow circle indicates which water structure?
     Answer: Dry well


  8. Which height indicator is marked by a dot and a number?
     Answer: Spot height


  9. What is the SI unit used for elevation on a topographical map?
     Answer: Metres


  10. Which feature is denoted by “r” followed by a number on maps?
     Answer: Relative height


  11. What kind of lines depict variations in elevation?
     Answer: Contours


  12. Which type of slope is suggested by very tightly packed contour lines?
     Answer: Steep


  13. Which type of land surface is shown by widely spaced contour lines?
     Answer: Gentle


  14. What colour is assigned to human-made features like roads or wells?
     Answer: Black


  15. What is the representative fraction (RF) of a Survey of India topo sheet?
     Answer: 1:50000


  16. Which cardinal direction is always at the top of a topo map?
     Answer: North


  17. What religious structure is denoted by a circle with a cross inside (⊗)?
     Answer: Temple


  18. Which place of worship is symbolised by a simple cross?
     Answer: Church


  19. Which religious site is depicted using a crescent and a star?
     Answer: Mosque


  20. What public service is abbreviated as P.O. on maps?
     Answer: Post Office


  21. What does the abbreviation P.S. represent on a topo map?
     Answer: Police Station


  22. What linear feature for irrigation is shown using a straight blue line?
     Answer: Canal


  23. What structure appears as a blue-filled rectangle on topographical sheets?
     Answer: Tank


  24. Which feature is drawn using a thick black line with short perpendicular strokes?
     Answer: Embankment


  25. Which structure used for crossing water bodies is shown as =//= on maps?
     Answer: Bridge


  26. What kind of vegetation is shown using scattered green dots?
     Answer: Scrub


  27. Which agricultural practice is depicted using multiple parallel green lines?
     Answer: Plantation


  28. Which vegetation type is shown as a solid block of green colour?
     Answer: Dense forest


  29. What is shown on maps as clustered black squares?
     Answer: Settlement


  30. What is the term for winding bends found in rivers?
     Answer: Meander


  31. Which safety zone in forested areas is shown as a straight black line?
     Answer: Fire line


  32. What landform is suggested by inward-pointing contour lines (hachures)?
     Answer: Depression


  33. Which drainage feature is represented using a dashed blue line?
     Answer: Seasonal stream


  34. What does the label “Br” next to a water body indicate?
     Answer: Brackish


  35. Which structure is used to carry water across depressions or valleys?
     Answer: Aqueduct


  36. What is the underground channel called where a canal flows beneath a road?
     Answer: Siphon


  37. What is the small structure called that allows road to pass over seasonal stream?
     Answer: Causeway


  38. What man-made bridge carries a canal over another stream or river?
     Answer: Aqueduct


  39. What landform appears as jagged black shapes on topographical sheets?
     Answer: Rock outcrop


  40. What is the man-made excavation shown as a rectangle with a slash?
     Answer: Stone quarry


  41. What is the local term in Rajasthan for a small man-made tank?
     Answer: Diggi


  42. What structure on a canal is used to regulate water flow?
     Answer: Sluice gate


  43. What elevation mark is written as “BM” followed by a number?
     Answer: Benchmark


  44. What do we call the vertical grid lines on a topographical map?
     Answer: Northings


  45. What do we call the horizontal grid lines on a topographical map?
     Answer: Eastings


  46. What section of the map explains symbols and colour codes?
     Answer: Legend


  47. What term is used for a map that shows both natural and cultural features?
     Answer: Toposheet


  48. What graphical element on a map shows the ratio of map distance to ground distance?
     Answer: Scale


  49. What term describes all the physical features shown through contours?
     Answer: Relief


  50. What is the rocky terrain shown with clustered black dots called?
     Answer: Stony waste

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    Ch 17 – Sources of Pollution
    Ch 18 – Effects of Pollution
    Ch 19 – Preventive Measures
    Ch 20 – Natural Regions of the World

ICSE Grade 10

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Find the Odd Man Out

  1. River, Tank, Canal, Benchmark
     Answer: Benchmark
     Explanation: Others are water bodies; benchmark is a height reference point.


  2. Green, Blue, Red, Violet
     Answer: Green
     Explanation: Others are used for man-made or technical features; green is for vegetation.


  3. Contour, Spot height, Relative height, Canal
     Answer: Canal
     Explanation: Canal is man-made; others show elevation or relief.


  4. Forest, Scrub, Rock outcrop, Plantation
     Answer: Rock outcrop
     Explanation: Others are vegetation types; rock outcrop is a geological feature.


  5. Metalled road, Railway line, Cart track, Ridge
     Answer: Ridge
     Explanation: Others are transport features; ridge is a landform.


  6. Tank, Well, Canal, Post Office
     Answer: Post Office
     Explanation: Others are water-related; post office is a civic facility.


  7. BM 265.4, •275, r12, Canal
     Answer: Canal
     Explanation: Canal is water transport; others are height indicators.


  8. Footpath, Cart track, Unmetalled road, Contour
     Answer: Contour
     Explanation: Contour is a relief feature; others are transport routes.


  9. Temple, Church, Police Station, Mosque
     Answer: Police Station
     Explanation: Others are religious places; police station is administrative.


  10. P.O., P.S., BM, PS
     Answer: BM
     Explanation: BM refers to elevation; others are service symbols.


  11. Black, Brown, Blue, Sand
     Answer: Sand
     Explanation: Sand is a terrain; others are colours used on maps.


  12. Scrub, Dense forest, Diggi, Plantation
     Answer: Diggi
     Explanation: Others are vegetation types; diggi is a man-made tank.


  13. Fireline, Embankment, Ridge, Siphon
     Answer: Ridge
     Explanation: Ridge is natural; others are man-made structures.


  14. Post Office, Police Station, Causeway, Telegraph Office
     Answer: Causeway
     Explanation: Others are buildings; causeway is a transport feature.


  15. BM, r8, Spot height, Meander
     Answer: Meander
     Explanation: Meander is a river bend; others are elevation references.


  16. Rock outcrop, Sheet rock, Stone quarry, Canal
     Answer: Canal
     Explanation: Canal is water transport; others are rocky terrain features.


  17. River, Stream, Canal, Railway
     Answer: Railway
     Explanation: Railway is a transport feature; others are water bodies.


  18. Scrub, Plantation, Embankment, Forest
     Answer: Embankment
     Explanation: Embankment is a man-made feature; others are vegetation.


  19. Siphon, Aqueduct, Tank, Spot height
     Answer: Spot height
     Explanation: Spot height shows elevation; others relate to water.


  20. Diggi, Well, Tank, Ridge
     Answer: Ridge
     Explanation: Ridge is a relief feature; others are water storage structures.


  21. Relative height, Spot height, Contour, Church
     Answer: Church
     Explanation: Church is a religious symbol; others show elevation.


  22. Canal, Stream, Ridge, River
     Answer: Ridge
     Explanation: Ridge is a landform; others are water bodies.


  23. Scrub, Surveyed tree, Plantation, Railway line
     Answer: Railway line
     Explanation: Others relate to vegetation; railway line is a transport feature.


  24. Mosque, Temple, Church, Tank
     Answer: Tank
     Explanation: Tank is a water feature; others are religious places.


  25. Footpath, Cart track, Metalled road, Temple
     Answer: Temple
     Explanation: Temple is religious; others are transport-related.


  26. Blue, Brown, Green, Scale
     Answer: Scale
     Explanation: Scale is a measurement; others are colours used on maps.


  27. Aqueduct, Ridge, Siphon, Canal
     Answer: Ridge
     Explanation: Ridge is natural; others are water structures.


  28. Scrub, Forest, Embankment, Mixed jungle
     Answer: Embankment
     Explanation: Embankment is man-made; others are types of vegetation.


  29. Spot height, Canal, Benchmark, Relative height
     Answer: Canal
     Explanation: Canal is a water feature; others are elevation indicators.


  30. Road, Cart track, Fireline, Footpath
     Answer: Fireline
     Explanation: Fireline is for forest fire protection; others are transport paths.


  31. Contour, BM, PS, r10
     Answer: PS
     Explanation: PS stands for Police Station; others are elevation terms.


  32. Sluice gate, Diggi, Canal, Church
     Answer: Church
     Explanation: Church is religious; others are water-related structures.


  33. Stone quarry, Sheet rock, Plantation, Rock outcrop
     Answer: Plantation
     Explanation: Plantation is agricultural; others are geological.


  34. Blue line, Red line, Brown line, Green line
     Answer: Red line
     Explanation: Red line indicates transport; others indicate natural features.


  35. BM 275.3, •265, PS, r5
     Answer: PS
     Explanation: PS is Police Station; others show height.


  36. Eastings, Northings, Grid reference, Well
     Answer: Well
     Explanation: Well is a water source; others relate to map location system.


  37. Tank, Ridge, Hill, Depression
     Answer: Tank
     Explanation: Tank is man-made; others are relief features.


  38. Railway, Post Office, Footpath, Cart track
     Answer: Post Office
     Explanation: Post Office is a civic structure; others are transport routes.


  39. Ridge, Valley, Contour, Siphon
     Answer: Siphon
     Explanation: Siphon is man-made; others are relief-related.


  40. Temple, PS, PO, BM
     Answer: BM
     Explanation: BM is a height reference; others are buildings or services.


  41. Black dots, Green shading, Blue line, Yellow wash
     Answer: Black dots
     Explanation: Indicates stony waste; others are colour areas.


  42. Footpath, Cart track, Fire line, Forest
     Answer: Forest
     Explanation: Forest is vegetation; others are lines/features.


  43. Railway line, Red road, Blue stream, Green dots
     Answer: Green dots
     Explanation: Others are line features; green dots indicate vegetation.


  44. Aqueduct, Sluice gate, Tank, Contour
     Answer: Contour
     Explanation: Contour shows height; others relate to water control.


  45. Benchmark, Canal, Spot height, Relative height
     Answer: Canal
     Explanation: Canal is water-based; others are for elevation.


  46. Diggi, Church, Mosque, Temple
     Answer: Diggi
     Explanation: Diggi is a water tank; others are religious places.


  47. Rock outcrop, Stone quarry, Spot height, Sheet rock
     Answer: Spot height
     Explanation: Spot height is numerical; others are physical features.


  48. Meander, Ridge, River, Canal
     Answer: Ridge
     Explanation: Ridge is landform; others relate to water flow.


  49. Footpath, Railway, Bridge, Scrub
     Answer: Scrub
     Explanation: Scrub is vegetation; others are transport-related.


  50. Dense forest, Plantation, Ridge, Scrub
     Answer: Ridge
     Explanation: Ridge is a landform; others are vegetation types.

Match the Pair

Set 1: Match the Pair

Column A

  1. Spot height
  2. Contour line
  3. BM
  4. r8
  5. Depression

Column B
 a) Benchmark
 b) Closed contour with inward hachures
 c) Point with exact elevation
 d) Line joining equal height points
 e) Relative height

Answers – Set 1
 1 → c
 2 → d
 3 → a
 4 → e
 5 → b

Set 2: Match the Pair

Column A

  1. Blue colour
  2. Brown colour
  3. Green colour
  4. Red colour
  5. Black colour

Column B
 a) Cultural features
 b) Roads and highways
 c) Vegetation
 d) Water bodies
 e) Relief features

Answers – Set 2
 1 → d
 2 → e
 3 → c
 4 → b
 5 → a

Set 3: Match the Pair

Column A

  1. Diggi
  2. Canal
  3. Sluice gate
  4. Aqueduct
  5. Siphon

Column B
 a) Bridge-like water structure
 b) Man-made tank (Rajasthan)
 c) Water passes under obstacle
 d) Irrigation structure
 e) Straight blue line

Answers – Set 3
 1 → b
 2 → e
 3 → d
 4 → a
 5 → c

Set 4: Match the Pair

Column A

  1. PS
  2. PO
  3. ⊗
    •  
  4. BM

Column B
 a) Church
 b) Police Station
 c) Benchmark
 d) Temple
 e) Post Office

Answers – Set 4
 1 → b
 2 → e
 3 → d
 4 → a
 5 → c

Set 5: Match the Pair

Column A

  1. Scrub
  2. Plantation
  3. Mixed jungle
  4. Dense forest
  5. Surveyed tree

Column B
 a) Green shading with cross marks
 b) Parallel green lines
 c) Green dot with cross
 d) Green dots
 e) Solid green shading

Answers – Set 5
 1 → d
 2 → b
 3 → a
 4 → e
 5 → c

Set 6: Match the Pair

Column A

  1. Footpath
  2. Cart track
  3. Metalled road
  4. Unmetalled road
  5. Railway line

Column B
 a) Red dashed line
 b) Double dashed line
 c) Dotted black line
 d) Black line with ticks
 e) Solid red line

Answers – Set 6
 1 → c
 2 → b
 3 → e
 4 → a
 5 → d

Set 7: Match the Pair

Column A

  1. Meander
  2. Tank
  3. Ridge
  4. Stony waste
  5. Rock outcrop

Column B
 a) Black jagged shapes
 b) Curved river path
 c) Cluster of black dots
 d) Blue rectangle
 e) Oval contour pattern

Answers – Set 7
 1 → b
 2 → d
 3 → e
 4 → c
 5 → a

Set 8: Match the Pair

Column A

  1. Grid reference
  2. Eastings
  3. Northings
  4. Scale
  5. Legend

Column B
 a) Explains symbols
 b) Vertical grid lines
 c) Horizontal grid lines
 d) Distance representation
 e) Location system

Answers – Set 8
 1 → e
 2 → c
 3 → b
 4 → d
 5 → a

Set 9: Match the Pair

Column A

  1. Canal
  2. Bridge
  3. Causeway
  4. Fireline
  5. Embankment

Column B
 a) Road over seasonal stream
 b) Thick line with ticks
 c) Blue line
 d) Forest safety strip
 e) Symbol =//=

Answers – Set 9
 1 → c
 2 → e
 3 → a
 4 → d
 5 → b

Set 10: Match the Pair

Column A

  1. Contour interval
  2. Benchmark
  3. Relative height
  4. Spot height
  5. Depression

Column B
 a) Fixed elevation reference
 b) Vertical difference between contours
 c) Height above surrounding area
 d) Hachured contours
 e) • with number

Answers – Set 10
 1 → b
 2 → a
 3 → c
 4 → e
 5 → d

Short Answer Questions  

  1. What is the scale of the topographical maps used in ICSE?
     Answer: The scale is 1:50000, meaning 2 cm on the map represents 1 km on the ground.


  2. What is a contour line?
     Answer: A contour line joins all points of equal elevation above sea level.


  3. What does the symbol ‘•285’ represent?
     Answer: It represents a spot height of 285 metres above sea level.


  4. What does the symbol ‘r8’ mean on a topo map?
     Answer: It represents a relative height of 8 metres above the surrounding area.


  5. What is the function of a benchmark (BM)?
     Answer: It shows the exact height of a fixed point above sea level.


  6. What is shown by blue colour on a topo sheet?
     Answer: Water bodies like rivers, lakes, tanks, and canals.


  7. What is the symbol for a perennial well?
     Answer: A solid black circle (●).


  8. What is the symbol for a dry well?
     Answer: A hollow black circle (○).


  9. What do closely spaced contour lines indicate?
     Answer: A steep slope.


  10. What do widely spaced contour lines indicate?
     Answer: A gentle slope or flat land.


  11. What is a relative height?
     Answer: The height of a feature above its immediate surroundings.


  12. What is a spot height?
     Answer: It gives the exact elevation of a specific point above mean sea level.


  13. What does a ridge look like in contours?
     Answer: Contours form an elongated oval or ‘U’ shape pointing away from higher ground.


  14. What is a meander?
     Answer: A bend or curve in a river’s course.


  15. What is a fire line?
     Answer: A cleared strip in a forest to prevent the spread of forest fires.


  16. What is a diggi?
     Answer: A small, man-made tank commonly found in Rajasthan.


  17. How is a canal represented on a topo sheet?
     Answer: As a straight blue line.


  18. What is a siphon?
     Answer: A structure allowing a canal to pass under a road or obstacle.


  19. What is an aqueduct?
     Answer: A bridge-like structure carrying canal water over a river or depression.


  20. What is the purpose of a sluice gate?
     Answer: To control the flow of water in a canal or tank.


  21. What is shown by the symbol ⊗?
     Answer: A temple.


  22. What is the symbol for a church?
     Answer: A cross (+).


  23. What does ‘P.O.’ stand for on a map?
     Answer: Post Office.


  24. What does ‘P.S.’ stand for on a map?
     Answer: Police Station.


  25. What is shown by a blue dashed line?
     Answer: A seasonal stream or river.


  26. What are eastings?
     Answer: Vertical grid lines running from top to bottom on a topo sheet.


  27. What are northings?
     Answer: Horizontal grid lines running from left to right on a topo sheet.


  28. What is a grid reference?
     Answer: A set of numbers (eastings and northings) used to locate features on a map.


  29. What is a legend?
     Answer: It explains the symbols and colours used on the map.


  30. What does the symbol =//= represent?
     Answer: A bridge.


  31. What is the conventional symbol for a police station?
     Answer: The letters P.S.


  32. What is shown by green dots on a topo map?
     Answer: Scrub vegetation.


  33. What is shown by parallel green lines?
     Answer: Plantation.


  34. What is indicated by dense green shading?
     Answer: Dense forest.


  35. How is a footpath shown on a topo map?
     Answer: By a dotted black line.


  36. How is a cart track represented?
     Answer: By a double dashed black line.


  37. How is a metalled road shown?
     Answer: By a double solid red line.


  38. How is an unmetalled road shown?
     Answer: By a single dashed red line.


  39. What is the function of contours on a map?
     Answer: To represent the relief or elevation of the terrain.


  40. What is stony waste?
     Answer: An area with scattered stones shown by black dots.


  41. What is a rock outcrop?
     Answer: Exposed bedrock or large rocky surface.


  42. What is sheet rock?
     Answer: A broad, flat rocky surface shown by standard rock symbols.


  43. What does ‘Br’ next to a water body mean?
     Answer: It indicates brackish water (a mix of salt and fresh water).


  44. What do black squares on a topo map represent?
     Answer: Permanent buildings or settlements.


  45. What is a benchmark marked as on maps?
     Answer: BM followed by elevation (e.g., BM 254.6).


  46. What is the purpose of using colours in topo maps?
     Answer: To differentiate between physical and cultural features clearly.


  47. What does a straight black line across forested area represent?
     Answer: A fire line.


  48. How is elevation difference between two contours called?
     Answer: Contour interval.


  49. What is the symbol for a surveyed tree?
     Answer: A small circle with a dot inside and a + sign.


  50. What is the significance of map direction?
     Answer: It helps in orientation and locating directions using the North line.

Puzzles

  1. I am blue and straight, help farmers to irrigate. What am I?
     Answer: Canal

 

  1. I cross a river but I’m not a boat. You drive over me. What am I?
    Answer: Bridge

 

  1. I’m green and dotted, sparse I grow. What kind of vegetation do I show?
    Answer: Scrub

 

  1. BM 265.4 is how I’m displayed. What do I mark?
    Answer: Benchmark

 

  1. Two lines of red, I take you far. I’m not a river, but a __________.
    Answer: Metalled Road

 

  1. I’m a landform, high and narrow, contours bend away like an arrow. What am I?
    Answer: Ridge

 

  1. Green lines in pairs, planted in rows, useful for tea or rubber—what grows?
    Answer: Plantation

 

  1. Not on the map, but in the key. I help you decode what you see. What am I?
    Answer: Legend

 

  1. Dotted in black, not a track, barren terrain—you can’t turn back. What area am I?
    Answer: Stony Waste

 

  1. Water I store in dryland soil, I’m found in Rajasthan’s toil. What structure am I?
    Answer: Diggi

 

  1. I’m used to show slope, I loop and flow. The closer I am, the steeper you go.
    Answer: Contour Lines

 

  1. On me you’ll find symbols galore, but can you tell what PO stands for?
    Answer: Post Office

 

  1. You can cross me only when dry, I’m seasonal and not very high. What transport feature am I?
    Answer: Causeway

 

  1. PS stands for me, where laws are applied. What civic feature am I?
    Answer: Police Station

 

  1. A plus sign marks me, where hymns are sung. What religious structure am I?
    Answer: Church

 

  1. I’m a line, I never curve. Blue when full, dashed when starved. What am I?
    Answer: River (Perennial/Seasonal)

 

  1. You need me for location precision, Eastings and Northings are my division. What am I?
    Answer: Grid Reference

 

  1. I carry water over land, a bridge-like form, not built by hand. What structure am I?
    Answer: Aqueduct

 

  1. Purple or violet I may appear, marking boundaries far and near. What do I show?
    Answer: International Boundary

 

  1. Fire can’t pass if I am wide. I’m found across the forest side.
    Answer: Fireline

 

  1. I’m used in engineering and mapping too, my initials are BM. Who?
    Answer: Benchmark

 

  1. Roads, temples, and bridges I show, my colour is as dark as crow.
    Answer: Black (used for man-made features)

 

  1. I carry water under a road, I’m like a buried water load.
    Answer: Siphon

 

  1. A dot and number without BM, what height feature could I be then?
    Answer: Spot Height

 

  1. I’m shown by green solid shading, thick trees where light is fading.
    Answer: Dense Forest

 

  1. Dash by dash, I form a track. Carts and bullocks go on my back.
    Answer: Cart Track

 

  1. I’m made of rock and shaped so mean, my jagged symbols mark the scene.
    Answer: Rock Outcrop

 

  1. Yellow I am and farmers I feed. Identify the land on which they seed.
    Answer: Cultivated Land

 

  1. Green dots and crosses for mixed trees. Identify this feature, please.
    Answer: Mixed Jungle

 

  1. No label, just + signs, green rows too. Find me in plantations – who are you?
    Answer: Surveyed Tree

 

  1. I’m used in legend, not on land. I decode the symbols, understand?
    Answer: Key

 

  1. I look like a lake but I’m built by man. You’ll find me in drylands if you can.
    Answer: Tank

 

  1. I twist and turn like a snake, what river pattern do I make?
    Answer: Meander

 

  1. High elevation, ticked inward lines, lowland I am, by all signs.
    Answer: Depression

 

  1. Road above, river below, this structure lets the water flow.
    Answer: Siphon

 

  1. From high to low, I always go. My path is blue, what am I though?
    Answer: River

 

  1. Green lines run across the sheet, tea or coffee – I repeat!
    Answer: Plantation

 

  1. I show differences of height, between contour lines – am I right?
    Answer: Contour Interval

 

  1. Not quite water, not quite dry, salty mix – what am I?
    Answer: Brackish Water

 

  1. Fixed elevation with number and BM. Where do you find me? Guess again.
    Answer: Benchmark

 

  1. I’m a type of vegetation, dense I’m not. Spotted green, scattered plot.
    Answer: Scrub

 

  1. I house many homes, I cluster and stay. What settlement feature do I portray?
    Answer: Village

 

  1. Post Office, Temple, and Cart Track – which one is the odd one back?
    Answer: Cart Track (others are buildings)

 

  1. A topographical map must face north. Why is this true, come forth?
    Answer: For orientation and directional accuracy

 

  1. I help measure distance and elevation too. I am the most scientific clue.
    Answer: Scale

 

  1. Small and shallow, not a tank, I store water, guess my rank!
    Answer: Well

 

  1. + is for tree or church, how to know, which is in the search?
    Answer: Church (+) is in black; surveyed tree has circle & +.

 

  1. BM, r6, and Spot Height – which one shows the surrounding height?
    Answer: r6 (Relative Height)

 

  1. Pink and red and green and blue – I make maps colorful for you. What am I?
    Answer: Map Colours

 

  1. Easting, Northing, Reference too – without me, you’ll have no clue.
    Answer: Grid System

Difference Between:

  1. Difference between Spot Height and Benchmark
     Answer: Spot height is shown as a dot with a number indicating elevation at that point, without any permanent marker on the ground.
     Benchmark is marked as ‘BM’ followed by a number, and is a surveyed permanent point with elevation marked physically on a structure.

 

  1. Difference between Metalled Road and Unmetalled Road
    Answer: Metalled road is a paved road shown by two red parallel lines and suitable for all-weather transportation.
    Unmetalled road is a kachcha road shown by a single dashed red line and may not be usable in all seasons.

 

  1. Difference between Perennial River and Seasonal River
    Answer: Perennial river flows throughout the year and is represented by a continuous blue line.
    Seasonal river flows only during the rainy season and is shown using a broken blue line.

 

  1. Difference between Canal and Aqueduct
    Answer: Canal is a man-made water channel for irrigation, represented by a straight blue line.
    Aqueduct is a bridge-like structure allowing a canal to pass over an obstacle like a river or depression.

 

  1. Difference between Contour Line and Contour Interval
    Answer: Contour line joins points of equal elevation on a map and shows relief.
    Contour interval is the vertical difference in elevation between two successive contour lines and remains constant on the map.

 

  1. Difference between Fireline and Cart Track
    Answer: Fireline is a cleared path through forests to stop the spread of fire, shown by a straight black line through green areas.
    Cart track is an unpaved path for animal-driven carts, shown as double dashed black lines.

 

  1. Difference between Spot Height and Relative Height
    Answer: Spot height shows the height of a point above mean sea level, indicated by a dot and number.
    Relative height is the height of a feature above the surrounding land, shown by ‘r’ followed by a number (e.g., r10).

 

  1. Difference between Surveyed Tree and Scrub
    Answer: Surveyed tree is a single tree marked for reference, shown by a small circle with a + inside.
    Scrub is scattered, low vegetation shown by green dots.

 

  1. Difference between Settlement and Temple
    Answer: Settlement is a group of houses or buildings represented by black squares and indicates habitation.
    Temple is a religious structure shown by the ⊗ symbol.

 

  1. Difference between Ridge and Valley
    Answer: Ridge is a high elevated landform with contour lines forming U-shapes that open downwards.
    Valley is a low area between hills where contours form U-shapes that point upwards.

 

  1. Difference between Tank and Diggi
    Answer: Tank is a large water storage body, natural or artificial, shown as a large blue polygon.
    Diggi is a small, man-made water tank, usually rectangular, found in arid regions like Rajasthan.

 

  1. Difference between Church and Mosque
    Answer: Church is marked by a ‘+’ symbol and represents a Christian religious structure.
    Mosque is marked by a crescent and star symbol and represents a Muslim place of worship.

 

  1. Difference between Benchmark and Relative Height
    Answer: Benchmark indicates absolute elevation from sea level and is fixed and permanent.
    Relative height indicates only the height difference from the nearby land and is not a fixed reference.

 

  1. Difference between Dense Forest and Plantation
    Answer: Dense forest is natural, thick vegetation shown by solid green shading.
    Plantation is man-made vegetation shown by green parallel lines.

 

  1. Difference between Stony Waste and Rock Outcrop
    Answer: Stony waste is barren land with scattered stones, represented by black dots.
    Rock outcrop is exposed rock surface, shown by jagged black shapes.

 

  1. Difference between Police Station and Post Office
    Answer: Police Station is marked as P.S. and indicates presence of law enforcement services.
    Post Office is marked as P.O. and indicates availability of postal services.

 

  1. Difference between Siphon and Causeway
    Answer: Siphon is a structure that allows water to pass beneath a road or drain, shown as a canal passing under.
    Causeway is a raised road built over a seasonal stream, allowing vehicular movement during dry times.

 

  1. Difference between Meander and Straight River Course
    Answer: Meander is a winding, curved path of a river typically in its mature stage.
    Straight river course flows in a straight path, often artificially canalized.

 

  1. Difference between Footpath and Cart Track
    Answer: Footpath is a narrow walking path shown by single dotted black lines.
    Cart track is a wider unpaved road shown by double dashed black lines.

 

  1. Difference between Permanent and Temporary Settlement
    Answer: Permanent settlement is shown by well-defined black squares indicating long-term habitation.
    Temporary settlement is usually smaller, not named, and may not be permanently occupied.

Assertion and Reason

Instructions: For each question, choose the correct option:
 a) Both A and R are true and R explains A
 b) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A
 c) A is true but R is false
 d) A is false but R is true
 e) Both A and R are false


  1. A: Topographical maps are drawn to a large scale.
     R: They represent both natural and man-made features in detail.
     Answer: a


  2. A: Blue colour is used for roads on topographical maps.
     R: Blue is the colour for all man-made features.
     Answer: d


  3. A: Contour lines show height and shape of land.
     R: They join places of equal rainfall.
     Answer: c


  4. A: Closely spaced contour lines indicate a steep slope.
     R: The difference in elevation is very high in a short horizontal distance.
     Answer: a


  5. A: Post Offices are represented with ‘PS’ on topo maps.
     R: ‘PS’ is the abbreviation for Post Station.
     Answer: d


  6. A: The symbol ⊗ represents a religious structure.
     R: It is the conventional sign for a temple.
     Answer: a


  7. A: Rivers are shown in brown colour.
     R: Brown colour is used for relief features.
     Answer: c


  8. A: Canal irrigation is shown in straight blue lines.
     R: Blue represents water features on topo maps.
     Answer: a


  9. A: The symbol BM indicates the height of a specific point.
     R: BM stands for Benchmark.
     Answer: a


  10. A: Red lines are used to represent rivers.
     R: Red is used for water-related features.
     Answer: d


  11. A: Green colour on maps represents vegetation.
     R: It is used to show forests, plantations, and scrub areas.
     Answer: a


  12. A: Survey of India prepares topographical maps.
     R: It is the official mapping agency of India.
     Answer: a


  13. A: A metalled road is shown with a red dashed line.
     R: Dashed lines indicate permanent roads.
     Answer: c


  14. A: Siphons are used when canals pass under roads.
     R: They maintain water flow at a lower level.
     Answer: a


  15. A: The symbol ● represents a dry well.
     R: Dry wells are shown with a filled circle.
     Answer: d


  16. A: Scrub is shown using green dots.
     R: Green dots are used for less dense vegetation.
     Answer: a


  17. A: A blue rectangle indicates a settlement.
     R: Blue symbols represent civic facilities.
     Answer: d


  18. A: Yellow colour is used for fallow land.
     R: Yellow shows cultivable or open land on topo maps.
     Answer: a


  19. A: The symbol =//= represents a railway station.
     R: It is the sign for a bridge.
     Answer: d


  20. A: Ridge is a relief feature.
     R: It is shown by contours forming an elongated oval pattern.
     Answer: a


  21. A: Black dots on terrain indicate sandy soil.
     R: They are used to show stony waste or boulders.
     Answer: c


  22. A: Footpaths are shown using solid lines.
     R: Solid lines represent important highways.
     Answer: d


  23. A: Spot height is shown by a dot with a number.
     R: It marks the exact elevation of a point above sea level.
     Answer: a


  24. A: Relative height is the same as spot height.
     R: Both indicate the absolute height of a place.
     Answer: e


  25. A: Plantation is a type of natural vegetation.
     R: Plantations occur naturally in tropical regions.
     Answer: c


  26. A: Blue dashed lines represent seasonal rivers.
     R: Dashed blue lines indicate water flows only during rains.
     Answer: a


  27. A: The embankment is a man-made feature.
     R: It is shown by thick black lines with ticks.
     Answer: a


  28. A: The term ‘meander’ is used for bends in a river.
     R: Rivers flow in straight lines over steep slopes.
     Answer: c


  29. A: Forest areas are always shown using brown colour.
     R: Brown represents physical features like elevation.
     Answer: d


  30. A: P.O. on a map indicates a public office.
     R: It stands for Post Office.
     Answer: c


  31. A: A bridge over a river is shown with =//= symbol.
     R: It is a standard symbol for bridges in topographical maps.
     Answer: a


  32. A: Ridge is shown by concentric circles of contours.
     R: Concentric contours represent isolated hills.
     Answer: c


  33. A: Broken ground is an area of uniform elevation.
     R: It is formed due to erosion and irregular landforms.
     Answer: d


  34. A: The feature ‘Br’ near a tank means it contains brackish water.
     R: Br stands for brackish, which is a mix of salt and fresh water.
     Answer: a


  35. A: Rock outcrops are marked using blue dots.
     R: Blue represents natural water features only.
     Answer: d


  36. A: Canal irrigation structures like sluice gates are shown on topo maps.
     R: Sluice gates control the flow of water in canals.
     Answer: a


  37. A: The term ‘Diggi’ is commonly used in Maharashtra.
     R: Diggi is a man-made tank used in Rajasthan.
     Answer: d


  38. A: BM is used to show the benchmark elevation.
     R: Benchmarks are fixed reference points of known height.
     Answer: a


  39. A: Green wash is used to show water bodies.
     R: Water is shown using green due to algae content.
     Answer: e


  40. A: Firelines are found in urban transport planning.
     R: Firelines are cleared paths in forested areas to prevent spread of fire.
     Answer: d


  41. A: A canal over a drain is called a siphon.
     R: Siphons carry canal water under an obstruction.
     Answer: c


  42. A: Roads are never shown in black on a topo map.
     R: Black colour is used for all water bodies.
     Answer: d


  43. A: Benchmarks are shown by r followed by a number.
     R: r10 shows relative height, not benchmark.
     Answer: d


  44. A: Scrub and forest are the same type of vegetation.
     R: Both are shown with dense green shading.
     Answer: e


  45. A: Canal systems are always natural formations.
     R: Canals are artificial irrigation channels.
     Answer: c


  46. A: Stony waste is shown using green wash.
     R: Stony areas are shown using black dots.
     Answer: d


  47. A: A surveyed tree is shown using a green circle with a dot.
     R: This symbol identifies a tree fixed during survey.
     Answer: a


  48. A: All topo sheets follow the same scale across the globe.
     R: Different countries may use different mapping scales.
     Answer: c


  49. A: Grid reference helps in measuring temperature.
     R: It is used to locate features on a map.
     Answer: d


  50. A: Violet lines on topo sheets denote rivers.
     R: Violet is used to show political boundaries.
     Answer: d

True or False

  1. Topographical maps are small-scale maps.
     Answer: False


  2. The scale used in Survey of India topo maps is 1:50000.
     Answer: True


  3. Contours are used to show elevation on a map.
     Answer: True


  4. Blue lines on a map are used to show roads.
     Answer: False


  5. Benchmarks are represented by the letters “BM” followed by a number.
     Answer: True


  6. A canal is shown by a straight blue line on a topographical map.
     Answer: True


  7. The colour green is used to represent all water features.
     Answer: False


  8. The symbol ● is used for a dry well.
     Answer: False


  9. Black colour is used to represent man-made features like buildings and wells.
     Answer: True


  10. Contour lines that are widely spaced indicate steep slopes.
     Answer: False


  11. Red lines on a topo map are used to indicate metalled roads.
     Answer: True


  12. PS is the abbreviation for Post Office.
     Answer: False


  13. The symbol ⊗ is used to represent a temple.
     Answer: True


  14. Relative height is always shown using the “BM” symbol.
     Answer: False


  15. A spot height shows the exact height of a place above mean sea level.
     Answer: True


  16. The symbol “=//=“ is used to represent a canal.
     Answer: False


  17. Scrub vegetation is shown using green dots.
     Answer: True


  18. Plantation is represented by parallel green lines.
     Answer: True


  19. Dense forests are represented by yellow shaded areas.
     Answer: False


  20. A fire line is a cleared path through a forest to prevent the spread of fire.
     Answer: True


  21. A siphon allows water to flow under an obstruction like a road.
     Answer: True


  22. Violet lines are used to represent international boundaries.
     Answer: True


  23. A rock outcrop is a natural landform.
     Answer: True


  24. Stony waste is represented by black dots scattered over an area.
     Answer: True


  25. Contour lines never cross each other.
     Answer: True


  26. The symbol “+” represents a surveyed tree.
     Answer: False


  27. A diggi is a natural lake found in the Himalayas.
     Answer: False


  28. The crescent and star symbol is used for a church.
     Answer: False


  29. The post office is marked as “P.O.” on topographical maps.
     Answer: True


  30. Aqueducts carry canal water over obstacles like drains or valleys.
     Answer: True


  31. Yellow colour is used to represent non-cultivable barren land.
     Answer: False


  32. Broken ground indicates severely eroded land.
     Answer: True


  33. Ridge is a type of natural landform.
     Answer: True


  34. Contours close together on a map show a flat plain.
     Answer: False


  35. A benchmark gives the approximate height of an area.
     Answer: False


  36. Footpaths are shown using single dotted lines.
     Answer: True


  37. Unmetalled roads are shown by solid red lines.
     Answer: False


  38. Blue dashed lines represent perennial rivers.
     Answer: False


  39. The height shown by a spot height is measured in feet.
     Answer: False


  40. All topo maps use the same grid reference system.
     Answer: True


  41. The legend explains all the symbols and colours used in the map.
     Answer: True


  42. Relative height is always higher than spot height.
     Answer: False


  43. The map’s north line is always pointing upwards.
     Answer: True


  44. BM 256.8 means the benchmark at that point is 256.8 metres above sea level.
     Answer: True


  45. PO and PS refer to the same facility.
     Answer: False


  46. Contours can represent rivers and streams.
     Answer: False


  47. Scrub vegetation is a form of man-made plantation.
     Answer: False


  48. Scale on a topographical map helps measure actual distances.
     Answer: True


  49. The presence of meanders indicates a mature stage of a river.
     Answer: True


  50. Spot height, benchmark, and relative height are all used to show elevation.
     Answer: True

Long Answer Questions

  1. Define a topographical map. What features does it show?
     Answer: A topographical map is a detailed and accurate representation of the natural and man-made features of a specific area on a flat surface. It includes relief features (like hills, valleys, plateaus), drainage (rivers, streams), vegetation (forests, plantations), and cultural features (roads, railways, settlements, temples, wells).

 

  1. What is the scale used in Survey of India topographical maps? Explain its meaning.
    Answer: The scale used is 1:50000, which means 1 unit on the map represents 50,000 units on the ground. Practically, 2 cm on the map equals 1 km on the ground. This large-scale map provides detailed information about small areas.

 

  1. Explain the importance of conventional signs and symbols in topographical maps.
    Answer: Conventional signs and symbols are standardized visual representations used to depict various physical and cultural features on a map without using lengthy descriptions. They make maps easy to read and interpret, save space, and maintain uniformity across all maps.

 

  1. What is the importance of colours in topographical maps? Mention any four with features they show.
    Answer: Colours in topo maps help in visual identification of features.
  • Blue: Water bodies like rivers, lakes
  • Green: Vegetation such as forests
  • Red: Roads and important buildings
  • Brown: Relief features such as contours and elevation

 

  1. Differentiate between spot height and benchmark.
    Answer:
  • Spot Height: It is shown by a dot and a number (e.g., •285) indicating the exact elevation of that point above sea level.
  • Benchmark (BM): It is a permanent reference point of known elevation, usually marked on a stone or wall, and shown as BM 256.4 on maps.

 

  1. What are contour lines? What do they indicate?
    Answer: Contour lines are brown lines on a map that connect points of equal elevation. They show the shape, height, and slope of the land. Close contours indicate steep slopes, while wide spacing indicates gentle slopes or flat land.

 

  1. Describe how different types of roads are represented on topographical maps.
    Answer:
  • Metalled Roads: Two solid red lines
  • Unmetalled Roads: Dashed red line
  • Cart Track: Double dashed black line
  • Footpath: Dotted black line

 

  1. Write a short note on relative height with example.
    Answer: Relative height is the difference in height between a particular feature and the ground level nearby. It is shown as ‘r’ followed by a number. For example, r8 means the feature is 8 metres above the surrounding terrain.

 

  1. Explain how a ridge is shown on a topographical map.
    Answer: A ridge is a long narrow elevated landform. On topo maps, it is shown by a series of oval or U-shaped contour lines pointing away from the higher elevation. Contours form elongated patterns, usually narrowing toward the top.

 

  1. What is a depression? How is it represented on a topo map?
    Answer: A depression is a low-lying area surrounded by higher land. It is shown using closed contour lines with inward-pointing hachures or ticks, indicating a drop in elevation.

 

  1. List any five features shown using conventional symbols and their representations.
    Answer:
  • Temple: ⊗
  • Church: +
  • Post Office: P.O.
  • Police Station: P.S.
  • Bridge: =//=

 

  1. Describe how vegetation is represented on a topographical map.
    Answer:
  • Dense Forest: Solid green shading
  • Scrub: Green dots
  • Plantation: Parallel green lines
  • Mixed Jungle: Cross-hatched green
  • Surveyed Tree: Small circle with a dot and plus sign

 

  1. Differentiate between a perennial and seasonal river using map symbols.
    Answer:
  • Perennial River: Shown by a continuous blue line; flows throughout the year.
  • Seasonal River: Shown by a blue dashed line; flows only during rains.

 

  1. Explain the role and use of a legend on a topographical map.
    Answer: A legend is the key to understanding a map. It explains the meaning of all symbols, colours, and markings used on the map, making interpretation accurate and consistent.

 

  1. What are eastings and northings? How are they used?
    Answer:
  • Eastings are vertical lines that increase eastward.
  • Northings are horizontal lines that increase northward.
     Together, they form a grid system used to locate places using six-figure or four-figure references.

 

  1. Write a short note on firelines.
    Answer: Firelines are straight cleared paths through forests to prevent the spread of forest fires. They are represented by thin straight black lines cutting across forested areas.

 

  1. What is the function of a siphon in irrigation?
    Answer: A siphon allows canal water to pass under roads or streams without mixing. It maintains continuous flow below an obstacle using a pipe or tunnel system.

 

  1. Define aqueduct. How is it represented on a topo sheet?
    Answer: An aqueduct is a bridge-like structure that carries canal water over valleys, rivers, or depressions. It is represented by a double-line canal symbol over the feature it crosses.

 

  1. What is a diggi? Where is it commonly found?
    Answer: A diggi is a small rectangular man-made tank used for storing water, commonly found in Rajasthan. It is represented by a blue rectangle on topo maps.

 

  1. Differentiate between natural and man-made features with two examples each.
    Answer:
  • Natural Features: Hills, Rivers
  • Man-made Features: Roads, Settlements
     Natural features are formed by nature; man-made are constructed by humans.

 

  1. What is stony waste and how is it shown on the map?
    Answer: Stony waste is barren land with scattered stones. It is shown by clusters of small black dots over the area.

 

  1. How are permanent and temporary settlements distinguished on topo maps?
    Answer:
  • Permanent Settlements: Shown using black squares clustered together
  • Temporary Settlements: Smaller clusters, often without names, sometimes marked with huts or dotted patterns

 

  1. What is a benchmark and how is it different from spot height?
    Answer: A benchmark (BM) is a fixed point of known elevation marked physically on the ground, e.g., on a wall or rock. A spot height is only shown on maps and may not have a physical marker.

 

  1. Explain how you can identify a steep cliff using contours.
    Answer: A steep cliff is shown by contours that are either very closely packed or may overlap. The steepness is extreme with little horizontal distance.

 

  1. What is the significance of topographical maps in real life?
    Answer: Topographical maps help in planning infrastructure, agriculture, defence operations, disaster management, and environmental studies by providing accurate ground information.

 

  1. What is the function of a causeway in a transport system?
    Answer: A causeway is a raised road or path built across a stream or low area. It allows movement across water bodies, especially where building a bridge is not feasible.

 

  1. Describe how a canal is represented and why it is important.
    Answer: A canal is shown as a straight blue line. It is a man-made waterway used for irrigation, transport, and sometimes for drainage, especially in agricultural regions.

 

  1. What do the terms “northings” and “eastings” refer to?
    Answer: Northings are horizontal grid lines numbered from south to north; eastings are vertical grid lines numbered from west to east. Together, they form the grid reference system used to locate places on a map.

 

  1. Explain how a slope is determined using contour spacing.
    Answer:
  • Steep slope: Contours are closely spaced.
  • Gentle slope: Contours are widely spaced.
  • Even slope: Contours are evenly spaced.
  • Uneven slope: Contours are irregularly spaced.

 

  1. What are the main uses of topographical maps in agriculture?
    Answer:
  • Identify types of land (flat or undulating)
  • Locate water sources like wells, canals, tanks
  • Understand soil erosion patterns
  • Plan for irrigation and crop layout

 

  1. How is a bridge represented on a topo map and why is it significant?
    Answer: A bridge is represented as =//= over a stream or river. It indicates crossing points and helps understand transportation networks and connectivity.

 

  1. List and explain any three water-related symbols used in topo maps.
    Answer:
  • Tank: Blue rectangle, stores water
  • Canal: Blue straight line, used for irrigation
  • Well: Hollow or solid circle, for groundwater access

 

  1. Describe the features of a ridge and how to identify it.
    Answer: A ridge is an elevated landform shown by contours forming elongated, narrow loops. The inner part of the loop is at a higher elevation. It represents high ground with sloping sides.

 

  1. What is the role of Survey of India?
    Answer: Survey of India is the national mapping agency responsible for surveying, mapping, and publishing official topographical sheets of India, supporting planning, administration, and defence.

 

  1. What are conventional symbols? Why are they important?
    Answer: Conventional symbols are standardised signs used to represent various features like roads, rivers, buildings, and vegetation. They help users interpret maps easily and uniformly.

 

  1. What is a rock outcrop and how is it shown on a topo map?
    Answer: A rock outcrop is an area where bedrock is exposed at the surface. It is shown by jagged, irregular black shapes or rock symbols on the map.

 

  1. Explain the difference between a perennial and a seasonal stream.
    Answer:
  • Perennial Stream: Flows throughout the year; shown by solid blue lines
  • Seasonal Stream: Flows only during rainy seasons; shown by dashed blue lines

 

  1. What is the importance of a legend in a topographical map?
    Answer: The legend is the explanatory key that helps readers understand what each symbol, line, and colour means. Without it, the map would be difficult to read and interpret.

 

  1. What is the use of scale in a map? Give an example.
    Answer: A scale shows the ratio between a map distance and actual ground distance. For example, a scale of 1:50000 means 1 cm on the map = 50000 cm (or 500 m) on the ground.

 

  1. What are mixed jungles and how are they shown?
    Answer: Mixed jungles consist of various tree species. They are represented by green shading with cross-marks or dots depending on the density and composition.

 

  1. Explain how slope affects transportation and settlement planning.
    Answer: Steep slopes increase construction difficulty and risk of landslides, while gentle slopes allow better road building and settlement planning. Flat areas are ideal for urban development.

 

  1. Describe the features of a broken ground area.
    Answer: Broken ground is eroded land with irregular surfaces, gullies, and ridges. It is shown by irregular wavy or hatched lines and often found near riverbanks or foothills.

 

  1. What is the significance of a fireline in forested regions?
    Answer: A fireline prevents the spread of forest fires by creating a barrier with no vegetation. It is a critical forest management tool shown as a straight black line on the map.

 

  1. How are religious places represented on a topo map? Give examples.
    Answer:
  • Temple: ⊗
  • Church: +
  • Mosque: Crescent and star
     These help in identifying cultural and religious importance of an area.

 

  1. What is a stony waste and how is it different from a rock outcrop?
    Answer:
  • Stony Waste: Land scattered with small stones; shown by black dots
  • Rock Outcrop: Exposed solid rock; shown by jagged shapes
     Stony waste is loose surface material, while rock outcrops are solid and immovable.

 

  1. Why is it important to study drainage patterns on topographical maps?
    Answer: Studying drainage helps in understanding water flow, flood risks, suitability for agriculture, and planning irrigation systems. It also helps in site selection for dams and reservoirs.

 

  1. How can you differentiate between a tank and a reservoir on a map?
    Answer:
  • Tank: Regular-shaped blue rectangle; often man-made
  • Reservoir: Larger, irregular blue area; often behind dams
     Size, shape, and label help in identifying them.

 

  1. What is meant by ‘spot height’ and how is it useful?
    Answer: Spot height shows the exact elevation of a location, usually marked with a dot and a number (e.g., •285). It is useful for engineering works and height comparison.

 

  1. Mention any four uses of topographical maps.
    Answer:
  • Urban and rural planning
  • Military operations
  • Agricultural layout and irrigation
  • Environmental and geological surveys

 

  1. Explain how to locate a feature using six-figure grid reference.
    Answer:
  • Identify the easting (vertical line) and divide the square into tenths
  • Identify the northing (horizontal line) and divide it similarly
  • Write the three digits for easting, followed by three digits for northing
     Example: 137264 locates a point precisely within a 1 km square.

Give Reasons

  1. Give reason: Topographical maps are considered large-scale maps.
     Answer: Because they show a small area in great detail, including both physical and cultural features.


  2. Give reason: Contour lines never intersect each other.
     Answer: Because each line represents a specific elevation, and one point on the land cannot have two elevations.


  3. Give reason: Brown colour is used for contour lines.
     Answer: To distinguish relief features clearly from other elements like water bodies or vegetation.


  4. Give reason: Benchmark is considered more reliable than spot height.
     Answer: Because it is a fixed, surveyed point with permanent marking and known elevation.


  5. Give reason: Blue colour is used to represent water features.
     Answer: Because it is universally recognised for depicting water bodies like rivers, lakes, and canals.


  6. Give reason: Closely spaced contour lines indicate a steep slope.
     Answer: Because the elevation increases sharply over a short horizontal distance.


  7. Give reason: Footpaths are represented by dotted lines.
     Answer: To differentiate them from constructed or paved roads and show they are informal tracks.


  8. Give reason: Scrub vegetation is shown using green dots.
     Answer: To indicate sparse and scattered vegetation that does not form a dense cover.


  9. Give reason: Ridge is considered a relief feature.
     Answer: Because it is a natural elevated landform shown by specific contour patterns.


  10. Give reason: Grid references help locate places on a topographical map.
     Answer: Because they provide a coordinate system using eastings and northings.


  11. Give reason: Parallel green lines are used to show plantations.
     Answer: To distinguish them from natural forests and represent cultivated tree rows.


  12. Give reason: Relative height is written as ‘r’ followed by a number.
     Answer: To indicate the vertical height of a feature relative to its surroundings.


  13. Give reason: Spot heights are not marked physically on the ground.
     Answer: Because they are only represented on maps to show elevation at a point without permanent marking.


  14. Give reason: Blue dashed lines are used for seasonal rivers.
     Answer: To show that these rivers carry water only during the rainy season.


  15. Give reason: The symbol =//= is used to represent bridges.
     Answer: To visually indicate the crossing of a river or stream by a road or railway.


  16. Give reason: Diggis are found mostly in Rajasthan.
     Answer: Because they are traditional man-made tanks used for water storage in arid regions.


  17. Give reason: Red colour is used for metalled roads.
     Answer: To make roads prominent and easily distinguishable on the map.


  18. Give reason: Violet lines on topographical maps represent international boundaries.
     Answer: Because violet provides clear contrast and is used for political demarcations.


  19. Give reason: A fireline is shown by a straight black line across a forest.
     Answer: To indicate cleared paths used to prevent the spread of forest fires.


  20. Give reason: Green shading is used for dense forests.
     Answer: To represent areas covered with thick and continuous vegetation.


  21. Give reason: Benchmarks are marked as ‘BM’ followed by a value.
     Answer: To show the exact elevation above sea level of that specific point.


  22. Give reason: A siphon is used in canal systems.
     Answer: To allow water to flow under a road or obstacle without changing direction.


  23. Give reason: Aqueducts are built over natural drains or depressions.
     Answer: To carry canal water across them without mixing or interruption.


  24. Give reason: Causeways are shown where roads cross seasonal streams.
     Answer: Because they are raised paths that allow crossing even during low water flow.


  25. Give reason: Contour interval remains constant throughout the map.
     Answer: To maintain consistency and accurate interpretation of terrain.


  26. Give reason: Map scale is essential for distance measurement.
     Answer: Because it converts map measurements into real ground distances.


  27. Give reason: Police stations are marked as ‘P.S.’ on topographical maps.
     Answer: To indicate locations of administrative and safety infrastructure.


  28. Give reason: Post offices are marked as ‘P.O.’ on maps.
     Answer: Because they are important civic facilities that must be represented clearly.


  29. Give reason: Ridge contours point away from the higher ground.
     Answer: Because of the elongated elevation that slopes down on both sides.


  30. Give reason: Contours form concentric loops around hills.
     Answer: To represent elevation levels that increase towards the hilltop.


  31. Give reason: Yellow wash is used to represent cultivated land.
     Answer: Because it clearly differentiates agricultural land from forest and barren areas.


  32. Give reason: Black dots are used to represent stony waste.
     Answer: To show the presence of scattered stones or boulders over barren land.


  33. Give reason: Rock outcrops are shown using jagged black symbols.
     Answer: To represent exposed bedrock surfaces that cannot be cultivated.


  34. Give reason: Legend is an important component of a map.
     Answer: Because it explains the symbols, colours, and patterns used throughout the map.


  35. Give reason: Spot height gives more accurate elevation than relative height.
     Answer: Because it measures from mean sea level, not from surrounding ground.


  36. Give reason: Mixed jungles are shown using cross-hatching.
     Answer: To indicate vegetation consisting of more than one tree species.


  37. Give reason: Benchmarks are useful in construction and engineering.
     Answer: Because they provide a fixed reference point for elevation measurements.


  38. Give reason: Contours can help determine the direction of river flow.
     Answer: Because rivers flow from higher to lower elevation, crossing contours at right angles.


  39. Give reason: Metalled roads are shown more prominently than footpaths.
     Answer: Because they are more significant transport routes requiring greater emphasis.


  40. Give reason: Plantation areas are usually found near settlements.
     Answer: Because they are human-managed for economic use and access to labour.


  41. Give reason: Scrub areas are shown differently from forests.
     Answer: Because they represent degraded or sparse vegetation rather than dense cover.


  42. Give reason: North line is always marked on topographical maps.
     Answer: To help users orient the map and determine directions accurately.


  43. Give reason: Sheet rock areas are unsuitable for cultivation.
     Answer: Because the exposed rock surface lacks soil and nutrients.


  44. Give reason: Ridge and valley can be distinguished using contour shapes.
     Answer: Because ridge contours point away, while valley contours point towards higher ground.


  45. Give reason: Topographical maps are helpful in disaster planning.
     Answer: Because they provide detailed information about terrain, drainage, and settlements.


  46. Give reason: Grid reference provides precise location of features.
     Answer: Because it combines eastings and northings to define exact map positions.


  47. Give reason: Blue is universally used for water bodies.
     Answer: To maintain uniformity and avoid confusion across all maps and atlases.


  48. Give reason: Benchmarks are established by Survey of India.
     Answer: To ensure consistency and accuracy in elevation data across the country.


  49. Give reason: Roads are differentiated on maps using line styles.
     Answer: To classify them by their surface type and importance.


  50. Give reason: Forest fire prevention is a concern in topographical maps.
     Answer: Because maps help identify vulnerable forest zones and show firelines for safety planning.

Arrange the Words 

Case Studies

  1. A map shows blue straight lines running across cultivated land and labelled tanks at intervals. What type of irrigation system is shown and what colour represents it?
     Answer: Canal irrigation system; represented using blue colour.

 

  1. In a map extract, a cluster of black squares is seen near a road. A dotted line runs nearby through forested land. What do these features indicate?
    Answer: The black squares indicate a permanent settlement; the dotted line is a footpath.

 

  1. A topo map shows contour lines very close together, with spot height values increasing towards the centre. What landform is this?
    Answer: It represents a steep hill.

 

  1. A region has green parallel lines and is located near a metalled road. Which type of vegetation and feature does this show?
    Answer: Plantation; proximity to metalled road helps transport of produce.

 

  1. On a topo sheet, ‘BM 248.6’ is seen next to a road junction. What does this represent?
    Answer: It is a benchmark showing exact elevation of 248.6 metres at that point.

 

  1. A river is shown crossing a metalled road. The symbol =//= is used. What structure is represented?
    Answer: A bridge over the river.

 

  1. A river has a winding path and is marked by a continuous blue line. What is this river type and how is it represented?
    Answer: A perennial meandering river; represented by a solid blue line.

 

  1. On a topo map, a circular pattern of contours with decreasing values towards the centre is seen. What does this indicate?
    Answer: A depression.

 

  1. In a forested region, a straight black line cuts across the green-shaded area. What is the function of this feature?
    Answer: It is a fire line used to prevent the spread of forest fires.

 

  1. A road crosses a seasonal stream and is shown using a double line interrupted by a small blue symbol. What feature is this?
    Answer: A causeway.

 

  1. A grid square has a canal running under a road, indicated by a broken blue line passing beneath a solid red line. What structure is used here?
    Answer: Siphon – canal passes under the road.

 

  1. In a settlement, symbols such as P.O., P.S., and ⊗ are present. What do these represent?
    Answer: Post Office, Police Station, and Temple.

 

  1. A topographical sheet shows dotted green vegetation symbols with occasional black rock symbols. What type of land cover and terrain is this?
    Answer: Scrub vegetation over stony or rocky waste terrain.

 

  1. A symbol ○ is marked repeatedly near cultivated land. What does this represent and what is its seasonal status?
    Answer: Dry wells; seasonal in nature.

 

  1. A solid black circle ● appears beside farms. What feature is it and what does it indicate?
    Answer: Perennial well; source of year-round water supply.

 

  1. In a region with yellow wash and evenly spaced contour lines, which type of land and slope are shown?
    Answer: Cultivated land with a gentle slope.

 

  1. A topo map legend shows ⊗, + and crescent symbols. What category of features do these represent?
    Answer: Religious structures – temple, church, and mosque respectively.

 

  1. An aqueduct is shown over a small river. What does this feature allow and how is it represented?
    Answer: It allows canal water to pass over the river; represented by a canal line elevated over the river symbol.

 

  1. Eastings 16 and 17, and Northings 24 and 25 enclose a square showing ‘r10’ near contours. What does this signify?
    Answer: A relative height of 10 metres above the surrounding terrain.

 

  1. A topo sheet shows a temple (⊗) near a permanent settlement along a road, with a canal nearby. What inferences can be made about the area?
    Answer: It is a developed rural area with religious and irrigation facilities, good connectivity, and permanent habitation.

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