ICSE – Grade 9 – Geography – Ch 02 – QA

Questions & Answers

ICSE - Grade - 9

Subject: Geography

Chapter - 02 - Geographic Grid - Longitudes and Latitudes

Types of Questions

MCQ

  1. What is the shape of the Earth?
     a) Flat
     b) Cubical
     c) Cylindrical
     d) Spherical
     Answer: d) Spherical


  2. What is a geographic grid?
     a) A real network of roads
     b) A network of rivers
     c) Imaginary lines of latitude and longitude
     d) Set of weather stations
     Answer: c) Imaginary lines of latitude and longitude


  3. What do lines of latitude measure?
     a) East and West of the Prime Meridian
     b) North and South of the Equator
     c) Altitude of a place
     d) Ocean depth
     Answer: b) North and South of the Equator


  4. Which of the following is a line of latitude?
     a) Prime Meridian
     b) Equator
     c) International Date Line
     d) Greenwich Line
     Answer: b) Equator


  5. How many main latitudes are there including the Equator?
     a) 4
     b) 5
     c) 7
     d) 6
     Answer: b) 5


  6. What is the value of the Equator in degrees?
     a) 180°
     b) 90°
     c) 0°
     d) 45°
     Answer: c) 0°


  7. The Equator divides the Earth into:
     a) Eastern and Western Hemisphere
     b) Northern and Southern Hemisphere
     c) Land and Water
     d) Day and Night
     Answer: b) Northern and Southern Hemisphere


  8. The Tropic of Capricorn is located at:
     a) 23½°N
     b) 66½°S
     c) 0°
     d) 23½°S
     Answer: d) 23½°S


  9. The Arctic Circle lies at:
     a) 90°N
     b) 66½°N
     c) 23½°N
     d) 0°
     Answer: b) 66½°N


  10. Which of the following is not a heat zone?
     a) Torrid
     b) Frigid
     c) Temperate
     d) Equatorial
     Answer: d) Equatorial


  11. What kind of rays does the Torrid Zone receive?
     a) Slanting
     b) Reflected
     c) Direct
     d) No rays
     Answer: c) Direct


  12. Which zone lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle?
     a) Southern Temperate Zone
     b) North Frigid Zone
     c) Northern Temperate Zone
     d) Equatorial Zone
     Answer: c) Northern Temperate Zone


  13. Which zone receives extremely slanting rays of the sun?
     a) Temperate Zone
     b) Torrid Zone
     c) Frigid Zone
     d) Tropical Zone
     Answer: c) Frigid Zone


  14. Lines of longitude are also known as:
     a) Parallels
     b) Circles
     c) Meridians
     d) Equators
     Answer: c) Meridians


  15. What is the value of the Prime Meridian?
     a) 90°E
     b) 0°
     c) 180°
     d) 45°
     Answer: b) 0°


  16. The Prime Meridian passes through:
     a) Paris
     b) New York
     c) Greenwich
     d) Tokyo
     Answer: c) Greenwich


  17. Longitudes help in:
     a) Measuring temperature
     b) Calculating distance
     c) Calculating time
     d) Measuring height
     Answer: c) Calculating time


  18. The Earth rotates 360° in how many hours?
     a) 12 hours
     b) 48 hours
     c) 24 hours
     d) 6 hours
     Answer: c) 24 hours


  19. One hour equals how many degrees of Earth’s rotation?
     a) 10°
     b) 30°
     c) 15°
     d) 45°
     Answer: c) 15°


  20. Time difference between each degree of longitude is:
     a) 1 minute
     b) 4 minutes
     c) 10 minutes
     d) 6 minutes
     Answer: b) 4 minutes


  21. The hemisphere to the east of the Prime Meridian is called:
     a) Northern Hemisphere
     b) Western Hemisphere
     c) Eastern Hemisphere
     d) Frigid Hemisphere
     Answer: c) Eastern Hemisphere


  22. What is local time based on?
     a) Time zones
     b) Moon position
     c) Position of the sun
     d) Global clock
     Answer: c) Position of the sun


  23. When the sun is overhead at a place, the time is:
     a) 6 AM
     b) 6 PM
     c) 12 noon
     d) 3 PM
     Answer: c) 12 noon


  24. What is the central meridian for India?
     a) 90°E
     b) 75°E
     c) 82½°E
     d) 100°E
     Answer: c) 82½°E


  25. What is IST in relation to GMT?
     a) 4 hours ahead
     b) 5 hours ahead
     c) 5 hours 30 minutes ahead
     d) 6 hours behind
     Answer: c) 5 hours 30 minutes ahead


  26. What is the number of standard time zones in the world?
     a) 15
     b) 12
     c) 24
     d) 18
     Answer: c) 24


  27. The International Date Line lies at:
     a) 90°W
     b) 180°
     c) 0°
     d) 135°E
     Answer: b) 180°


  28. Crossing the International Date Line from west to east:
     a) Adds a day
     b) Subtracts a day
     c) Adds a month
     d) No change
     Answer: b) Subtracts a day


  29. Great Circles always:
     a) Pass through the poles
     b) Divide the Earth into unequal parts
     c) Pass through the centre of the Earth
     d) Measure air temperature
     Answer: c) Pass through the centre of the Earth


  30. The only latitude that is a great circle is:
     a) Tropic of Capricorn
     b) Equator
     c) Arctic Circle
     d) Prime Meridian
     Answer: b) Equator


  31. All longitudes are:
     a) Small circles
     b) Great circles
     c) Parallel
     d) Horizontal
     Answer: b) Great circles


  32. Airlines prefer which routes?
     a) Small circles
     b) Zigzag routes
     c) Great circle routes
     d) Equatorial routes
     Answer: c) Great circle routes


  33. What is used to locate places on Earth?
     a) Wind direction
     b) Rainfall patterns
     c) Latitude and longitude
     d) Magnetic fields
     Answer: c) Latitude and longitude


  34. Mumbai is located at:
     a) 23½°S, 90°E
     b) 19°N, 73°E
     c) 45°N, 60°W
     d) 66½°N, 180°W
     Answer: b) 19°N, 73°E


  35. Latitude lines are:
     a) Converging at poles
     b) Unequally spaced
     c) Parallel to each other
     d) Diagonal
     Answer: c) Parallel to each other


  36. Longitude lines:
     a) Never meet
     b) Are parallel
     c) Converge at poles
     d) Run east to west
     Answer: c) Converge at poles


  37. Total number of latitudinal lines including Equator:
     a) 90
     b) 181
     c) 360
     d) 100
     Answer: b) 181


  38. What is measured by longitudes?
     a) Rainfall
     b) Time
     c) Wind
     d) Temperature
     Answer: b) Time


  39. Small Circles do not:
     a) Appear on maps
     b) Pass through the poles
     c) Divide Earth into equal halves
     d) Help in time calculation
     Answer: c) Divide Earth into equal halves


  40. What separates two calendar dates?
     a) Equator
     b) Prime Meridian
     c) International Date Line
     d) Tropic of Cancer
     Answer: c) International Date Line


  41. Direction of latitude lines is:
     a) Vertical
     b) Diagonal
     c) North-South
     d) East-West
     Answer: d) East-West


  42. Direction of longitude lines is:
     a) East-West
     b) Horizontal
     c) North-South
     d) Circular
     Answer: c) North-South


  43. One degree of longitude equals how many minutes of time?
     a) 5 minutes
     b) 6 minutes
     c) 4 minutes
     d) 10 minutes
     Answer: c) 4 minutes


  44. Which zone lies between 66½°N and the North Pole?
     a) Temperate Zone
     b) Frigid Zone
     c) Torrid Zone
     d) Tropical Zone
     Answer: b) Frigid Zone


  45. Great circles are helpful in:
     a) Weather forecasting
     b) Cultural mapping
     c) Navigation
     d) Agriculture
     Answer: c) Navigation


  46. The Earth rotates from:
     a) North to South
     b) East to West
     c) West to East
     d) South to North
     Answer: c) West to East


  47. The number of longitude lines around the globe is:
     a) 180
     b) 90
     c) 181
     d) 360
     Answer: d) 360


  48. A small circle does not pass through:
     a) The poles
     b) The centre of the Earth
     c) Any continent
     d) The Equator
     Answer: b) The centre of the Earth


  49. The standard time of a country is taken from its:
     a) Coastal area
     b) Capital
     c) Central meridian
     d) Most populated city
     Answer: c) Central meridian


  50. Great circles are the _______ distance between two points on a sphere.
     a) Longest
     b) Straightest
     c) Shortest
     d) Deepest
     Answer: c) Shortest

Fill in the Blanks

  1. The Earth is __________ in shape.
     Spherical


  2. The network of imaginary lines used to locate places is called __________.
     Geographic grid


  3. Lines of latitude run from __________ to __________.
     East to West


  4. Lines of longitude run from __________ to __________.
     North to South


  5. Lines of latitude are also called __________.
     Parallels


  6. Lines of longitude are also called __________.
     Meridians


  7. The Equator is marked as __________ degrees latitude.
     0°


  8. The Prime Meridian is marked as __________ degrees longitude.
     0°


  9. The Equator divides the Earth into __________ and __________ hemispheres.
     Northern and Southern


  10. The Prime Meridian divides the Earth into __________ and __________ hemispheres.
     Eastern and Western


  11. The Tropic of Cancer lies at __________ degrees North.
     23½°N


  12. The Tropic of Capricorn lies at __________ degrees South.
     23½°S


  13. The Arctic Circle lies at __________ degrees North.
     66½°N


  14. The Antarctic Circle lies at __________ degrees South.
     66½°S


  15. The distance between two degrees of latitude is approximately __________ km.
     111


  16. The zone between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn is called the __________ zone.
     Torrid


  17. The zone between the Arctic Circle and the North Pole is called the __________ zone.
     North Frigid


  18. The zone between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle is the __________ temperate zone.
     Southern


  19. The Earth rotates __________ degrees in 24 hours.
     360


  20. The Earth rotates __________ degrees in one hour.
     15


  21. One degree of longitude causes a time difference of __________ minutes.
     4


  22. __________ time is the time based on the position of the sun at a particular place.
     Local


  23. When the sun is overhead at a place, it is said to be __________ there.
     12 noon


  24. __________ is the standard meridian of India.
     82½°E


  25. IST is __________ hours __________ minutes ahead of GMT.
     5, 30


  26. The International Date Line lies at __________ degrees longitude.
     180°


  27. Crossing the International Date Line from east to west __________ a day.
     Adds


  28. Crossing the International Date Line from west to east __________ a day.
     Subtracts


  29. The __________ is the only latitude that is a great circle.
     Equator


  30. All lines of __________ are great circles.
     Longitude


  31. __________ circles divide the Earth into two equal halves.
     Great


  32. __________ circles do not divide the Earth into equal halves.
     Small


  33. Great circles are used in __________ and __________ navigation.
     Air, sea


  34. The shortest distance between two places on Earth lies along a __________ circle.
     Great


  35. Mumbai is located at __________°N and __________°E.
     19, 73


  36. There are a total of __________ latitudinal lines including the Equator.
     181


  37. There are __________ meridians of longitude.
     360


  38. Latitude lines are always __________ to each other.
     Parallel


  39. Longitude lines __________ at the poles.
     Converge


  40. A geographic grid is made by the intersection of __________ and __________.
     Latitude, Longitude


  41. The time at Greenwich is called __________.
     Greenwich Mean Time


  42. The Earth is divided into __________ time zones.
     24


  43. The hemisphere to the west of the Prime Meridian is the __________ hemisphere.
     Western


  44. The Northern Hemisphere lies to the __________ of the Equator.
     North


  45. The Southern Hemisphere lies to the __________ of the Equator.
     South


  46. The time at 90°E when it is 12 noon at Greenwich is __________.
     6 PM


  47. The Frigid Zones receive __________ rays of the sun.
     Slanting


  48. The Temperate Zones experience __________ climate.
     Moderate


  49. The Torrid Zone is the __________ part of the Earth.
     Hottest


  50. The plane of a great circle passes through the __________ of the Earth.
     Centre

Name the Following

  1. Name the imaginary lines running from east to west on the globe.
     Latitudes


  2. Name the imaginary lines running from north to south on the globe.
     Longitudes


  3. Name the zero degree latitude.
     Equator


  4. Name the zero degree longitude.
     Prime Meridian


  5. Name the latitude that divides the Earth into two equal halves.
     Equator


  6. Name the longitude that divides the Earth into the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.
     Prime Meridian


  7. Name the northern boundary of the Torrid Zone.
     Tropic of Cancer


  8. Name the southern boundary of the Torrid Zone.
     Tropic of Capricorn


  9. Name the parallel at 66½° north latitude.
     Arctic Circle


  10. Name the parallel at 66½° south latitude.
     Antarctic Circle


  11. Name the northernmost point on the Earth.
     North Pole


  12. Name the southernmost point on the Earth.
     South Pole


  13. Name the zone located between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.
     Torrid Zone


  14. Name the zone located between the Arctic Circle and the North Pole.
     North Frigid Zone


  15. Name the zone located between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle.
     Southern Temperate Zone


  16. Name the lines that converge at the poles.
     Longitudes


  17. Name the only latitude that is a great circle.
     Equator


  18. Name the total number of longitudes.
     360


  19. Name the total number of latitudes including the Equator.
     181


  20. Name the line opposite the Prime Meridian.
     International Date Line


  21. Name the line that separates two calendar dates.
     International Date Line


  22. Name the type of circle that divides the Earth into two equal halves.
     Great Circle


  23. Name the type of circle that does not divide the Earth into equal halves.
     Small Circle


  24. Name the route used in air and sea navigation for shortest travel.
     Great Circle Route


  25. Name the standard meridian of India.
     82½°E


  26. Name the time standard based on the Prime Meridian.
     Greenwich Mean Time


  27. Name the standard time followed in India.
     Indian Standard Time


  28. Name the hemisphere that lies east of the Prime Meridian.
     Eastern Hemisphere


  29. Name the hemisphere that lies west of the Prime Meridian.
     Western Hemisphere


  30. Name the hemisphere that lies north of the Equator.
     Northern Hemisphere


  31. Name the hemisphere that lies south of the Equator.
     Southern Hemisphere


  32. Name the time calculated based on the sun’s position.
     Local Time


  33. Name the unit used to measure angular distance on the Earth.
     Degree


  34. Name the lines that run parallel to the Equator.
     Parallels of Latitude


  35. Name the imaginary line that passes through Greenwich.
     Prime Meridian


  36. Name the fixed location from which GMT is calculated.
     Greenwich, London


  37. Name the angle at which the Earth rotates in one hour.
     15 degrees


  38. Name the time difference caused by a 1° longitude.
     4 minutes


  39. Name the city located at approximately 19°N latitude and 73°E longitude.
     Mumbai


  40. Name the imaginary grid formed by the intersection of latitude and longitude.
     Geographic Grid


  41. Name the zone with moderate climate.
     Temperate Zone


  42. Name the zone which remains extremely cold throughout the year.
     Frigid Zone


  43. Name the zone which receives vertical rays of the sun.
     Torrid Zone


  44. Name the navigation method used by pilots and sailors for efficiency.
     Great Circle Navigation


  45. Name the instrument used to measure latitude and longitude on maps.
     Globe


  46. Name the fastest route between two places on a sphere.
     Great Circle Route


  47. Name the zone between 23½°N and 66½°N.
     Northern Temperate Zone


  48. Name the zone between 23½°S and 66½°S.
     Southern Temperate Zone


  49. Name the horizontal lines used in the geographic grid.
     Latitudes


  50. Name the vertical lines used in the geographic grid.
     Longitudes

Answer in One Word

  1. What is the shape of the Earth?
     Spherical


  2. What is the 0° latitude called?
     Equator


  3. What is the 0° longitude called?
     Prime Meridian


  4. What are the lines running parallel to the Equator called?
     Latitudes


  5. What are the lines running from pole to pole called?
     Longitudes


  6. What is the total number of longitudes?
     360


  7. What is the total number of latitudes including the Equator?
     181


  8. Which latitude divides the Earth into two equal halves?
     Equator


  9. Which line divides Earth into Eastern and Western Hemispheres?
     Prime Meridian


  10. What is the standard meridian of India?
     82½°E


  11. Which city does the Prime Meridian pass through?
     Greenwich


  12. What is the time at 0° longitude called?
     GMT


  13. Which zone receives direct sun rays throughout the year?
     Torrid


  14. Which zone lies between 66½°N and 90°N?
     Frigid


  15. Which zone has moderate climate?
     Temperate


  16. What is the longest line of latitude?
     Equator


  17. What is the shape of latitude lines?
     Circle


  18. What is the shape of longitude lines?
     Semi-circle


  19. What do all longitudes meet at?
     Poles


  20. Which latitude marks the northern boundary of the Torrid Zone?
     Tropic of Cancer


  21. Which latitude marks the southern boundary of the Torrid Zone?
     Tropic of Capricorn


  22. Which latitude lies at 66½° north?
     Arctic


  23. Which latitude lies at 66½° south?
     Antarctic


  24. What is the location of Mumbai’s latitude and longitude?
     19°N


  25. What is the shortest distance between two points on Earth called?
     Greatcircle


  26. Which circle is the only great circle among latitudes?
     Equator


  27. Which lines are used to calculate time?
     Longitudes


  28. What is the time difference for 1° longitude?
     4minutes


  29. How many degrees does Earth rotate in one hour?
     15


  30. What is used to measure angular distances on Earth?
     Degree


  31. What is the term for the vertical half of Earth west of the Prime Meridian?
     Western


  32. What is the term for the vertical half of Earth east of the Prime Meridian?
     Eastern


  33. What is the horizontal half of Earth above the Equator called?
     Northern


  34. What is the horizontal half of Earth below the Equator called?
     Southern


  35. What is the line opposite the Prime Meridian called?
     IDL


  36. What is the full form of GMT?
     Greenwich


  37. What is the full form of IST?
     Indian


  38. What is the imaginary network of latitudes and longitudes called?
     Grid


  39. What circle does not divide the Earth into equal halves?
     Smallcircle


  40. Which circle divides the Earth into equal halves?
     Greatcircle


  41. What type of time is based on sun’s position?
     Local


  42. What time is calculated from the central meridian?
     Standard


  43. What is the standard meridian of India in degrees?
     82.5


  44. What is the time zone of India in hours ahead of GMT?
     5.5


  45. Which route do airlines use to save time and fuel?
     Greatcircle


  46. Which two lines form a grid to locate places?
     Latlong


  47. Which imaginary line changes the date by one day?
     IDL


  48. What is the longest possible route around the Earth?
     Equator


  49. What is the distance in km of 1° latitude?
     111


  50. What is used to locate a place on the globe?
     Coordinates

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Find the Odd Man Out

  1. Equator, Tropic of Cancer, Tropic of Capricorn, Prime Meridian
     Prime Meridian
     Because it is a longitude; the others are latitudes.


  2. Arctic Circle, Antarctic Circle, Prime Meridian, Equator
     Prime Meridian
     It runs north-south, others run east-west.


  3. Tropic of Cancer, 23½°S, Torrid Zone, 23½°N
     23½°S
     It’s the Tropic of Capricorn, not Cancer.


  4. North Pole, South Pole, Equator, Prime Meridian
     Prime Meridian
     Only one is a longitude; others are geographic positions.


  5. Latitude, Longitude, Equator, Meridian
     Equator
     It is a specific latitude, others are general terms.


  6. GMT, IST, IDL, Equator
     Equator
     Others are related to time; Equator is not.


  7. 90°N, 90°S, 0°, 180°
     0°
     It is a latitude; the others are either poles or the IDL.


  8. Longitude, Latitude, Axis, Meridian
     Axis
     Not part of the geographic grid.


  9. 0°, 90°N, 180°, 66½°S
     180°
     It is a longitude; others are latitudes.


  10. India, Australia, Greenwich, Prime Meridian
     India
     Others are locations on or related to the Prime Meridian.


  11. Temperate Zone, Torrid Zone, Frigid Zone, Coastal Zone
     Coastal Zone
     Not a climatic zone based on latitude.


  12. 23½°N, 23½°S, 82½°E, 66½°N
     82½°E
     It is a longitude; others are latitudes.


  13. Tropic of Cancer, Equator, Arctic Circle, Prime Meridian
     Prime Meridian
     Only one is a line of longitude.


  14. 0°, 15°, 30°, 90°W
     90°W
     It is a specific western longitude; others are intervals.


  15. Eastern Hemisphere, Northern Hemisphere, Western Hemisphere, Time Zone
     Time Zone
     Not a hemisphere.


  16. Greenwich, 0°, Prime Meridian, 66½°N
     66½°N
     It is not located at 0° longitude.


  17. Local Time, Standard Time, Solar Time, Air Pressure
     Air Pressure
     Unrelated to time calculation.


  18. Great Circle, Equator, Tropic of Capricorn, Prime Meridian
     Tropic of Capricorn
     It is not a great circle.


  19. Latitude, Longitude, Meridian, Date Line
     Latitude
     Does not determine time.


  20. GMT, IST, Time Zone, Arctic Circle
     Arctic Circle
     It is a geographic feature, not time-related.


  21. Great Circle, Small Circle, Meridian, Hemisphere
     Hemisphere
     Not a type of circle on Earth.


  22. 23½°N, 23½°S, 66½°N, 60°E
     60°E
     It is a longitude; others are latitudes.


  23. Longitude, Latitude, Rotation, Coordinates
     Rotation
     Not part of the grid system.


  24. Greenwich, Equator, International Date Line, Standard Meridian
     Equator
     It is related to latitude, others to longitude and time.


  25. India, Nepal, Japan, Greenwich
     Greenwich
     Located on the Prime Meridian; others are not.


  26. Torrid Zone, Arctic Circle, Frigid Zone, Temperate Zone
     Arctic Circle
     It is a boundary, not a zone.


  27. 0°, 90°N, North Pole, Prime Meridian
     Prime Meridian
     It is a longitude; others relate to latitude or position.


  28. East, West, North, Standard Time
     Standard Time
     Not a direction.


  29. Local Time, 15°, 4 Minutes, Rotation
     Rotation
     It is a cause, others are outcomes or units.


  30. 66½°N, 66½°S, 82½°E, 23½°N
     82½°E
     Only longitude; others are latitudes.


  31. 19°N, 73°E, 90°E, 45°N
     90°E
     Does not match Mumbai’s coordinates.


  32. North Pole, South Pole, 180°, 23½°S
     23½°S
     It is not an extreme point.


  33. Latitude, Axis, Longitude, Grid
     Axis
     Not part of the geographic grid network.


  34. IDL, Equator, Greenwich, Time Zone
     Equator
     Not used in time calculation.


  35. East-West, North-South, Zenith, Grid
     Zenith
     Not a directional or grid-related term.


  36. 180°, 0°, 90°, Local Time
     Local Time
     Not an angular measure.


  37. Coordinates, Great Circle, Weather, Longitude
     Weather
     Not part of the coordinate system.


  38. Prime Meridian, Equator, North Pole, Time Zone
     North Pole
     Not a line used in measuring Earth’s surface.


  39. Great Circle, International Date Line, Tropic of Cancer, Equator
     Tropic of Cancer
     Not a great circle.


  40. Longitude, Equator, Arctic Circle, Axis
     Axis
     Not a measurable line on the Earth’s surface.


  41. 12 Noon, 6 AM, 3 PM, Latitude
     Latitude
     Not a time of day.


  42. Great Circle, Parallel, Standard Time, Prime Meridian
     Parallel
     Not primarily used to calculate time.


  43. Greenwich, Indian Standard Time, International Date Line, Equator
     Equator
     Does not determine time.


  44. Frigid Zone, Tropic of Cancer, Arctic Circle, 23½°S
     Frigid Zone
     It is a climatic zone, others are latitudes.


  45. Longitude, 0°, 15°, Equator
     Equator
     It is a latitude, others are related to time/longitude.


  46. Navigation, Map, Compass, Tropic of Capricorn
     Tropic of Capricorn
     Not a navigation instrument.


  47. Latitude, Longitude, Hemisphere, Time Interval
     Time Interval
     Not a spatial term.


  48. 5 hours, 30 minutes, IST, Arctic
     Arctic
     Not related to Indian time zone.


  49. Solar Time, Local Time, Lunar Time, Standard Time
     Lunar Time
     Not commonly used for Earth’s timekeeping.


  50. Tropical Zone, Temperate Zone, Frigid Zone, Climate Change
     Climate Change
     Not a latitude-based heat zone.

Match the Pair

Set 1 – Match the Pairs

Match Column A with Column B:

  1. Equator
  2. Prime Meridian
  3. Tropic of Cancer
  4. Arctic Circle
  5. North Pole

Column B:
 a) 90°N
 b) 0° Longitude
 c) 66½°N
 d) 0° Latitude
 e) 23½°N

Answers Set 1:
 1 – d
 2 – b
 3 – e
 4 – c
 5 – a

Set 2 – Match the Pairs

Match Column A with Column B:

  1. Tropic of Capricorn
  2. Antarctic Circle
  3. South Pole
  4. Torrid Zone
  5. Temperate Zone

Column B:
 a) 23½°S
 b) Moderate climate
 c) Between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn
 d) 90°S
 e) 66½°S

Answers Set 2:
 1 – a
 2 – e
 3 – d
 4 – c
 5 – b

Set 3 – Match the Pairs

Match Column A with Column B:

  1. Latitude
  2. Longitude
  3. Great Circle
  4. Small Circle
  5. Meridian

Column B:
 a) Connects North and South Poles
 b) Does not divide Earth equally
 c) Parallel to Equator
 d) Divides Earth into two equal halves
 e) Imaginary line from pole to pole

Answers Set 3:
 1 – c
 2 – a
 3 – d
 4 – b
 5 – e

Set 4 – Match the Pairs

Match Column A with Column B:

  1. Indian Standard Time
  2. Greenwich Mean Time
  3. Local Time
  4. Standard Meridian of India
  5. Time difference per 1° Longitude

Column B:
 a) 5 hours 30 minutes ahead of GMT
 b) Based on sun’s position
 c) 0° Longitude
 d) 82½°E
 e) 4 minutes

Answers Set 4:
 1 – a
 2 – c
 3 – b
 4 – d
 5 – e

Set 5 – Match the Pairs

Match Column A with Column B:

  1. Eastern Hemisphere
  2. Western Hemisphere
  3. Northern Hemisphere
  4. Southern Hemisphere
  5. International Date Line

Column B:
 a) 180° Longitude
 b) Right of Prime Meridian
 c) Left of Prime Meridian
 d) Above Equator
 e) Below Equator

Answers Set 5:
 1 – b
 2 – c
 3 – d
 4 – e
 5 – a

Set 6 – Match the Pairs

Match Column A with Column B:

  1. Earth’s rotation per hour
  2. Total time zones
  3. 360° rotation
  4. Mumbai location
  5. Air navigation

Column B:
 a) 15°
 b) 24
 c) Great Circle
 d) 19°N, 73°E
 e) 24 hours

Answers Set 6:
 1 – a
 2 – b
 3 – e
 4 – d
 5 – c

Set 7 – Match the Pairs

Match Column A with Column B:

  1. Frigid Zone
  2. Temperate Zone
  3. Great Circle route
  4. Latitude and Longitude
  5. Axis of Earth

Column B:
 a) Used in navigation
 b) Network to locate places
 c) Extremely cold region
 d) Earth’s imaginary tilt
 e) Moderate climate

Answers Set 7:
 1 – c
 2 – e
 3 – a
 4 – b
 5 – d

Set 8 – Match the Pairs

Match Column A with Column B:

  1. Longitude at GMT
  2. Longitude at IST
  3. Longitude at IDL
  4. Longitude range
  5. Latitude range

Column B:
 a) 0°
 b) 82½°E
 c) 180°
 d) 0° to 90°N and 90°S
 e) 0° to 180°E and 180°W

Answers Set 8:
 1 – a
 2 – b
 3 – c
 4 – e
 5 – d

Set 9 – Match the Pairs

Match Column A with Column B:

  1. Equator climate
  2. Arctic Circle location
  3. Parallel lines
  4. Longitude lines
  5. Great Circle plane

Column B:
 a) Equidistant
 b) Pass through poles
 c) Very hot
 d) Passes through Earth’s center
 e) 66½°N

Answers Set 9:
 1 – c
 2 – e
 3 – a
 4 – b
 5 – d

Set 10 – Match the Pairs

Match Column A with Column B:

  1. Hemisphere divided by Equator
  2. Direction of latitude lines
  3. Direction of longitude lines
  4. Basis of time zones
  5. Uses of latitude

Column B:
 a) North and South
 b) East-West
 c) North-South
 d) Heat zones
 e) 15° difference in longitude

Answers Set 10:
 1 – a
 2 – b
 3 – c
 4 – e
 5 – d

Short Answer Questions  

  1. What is the shape of the Earth?
     The Earth is spherical in shape.


  2. What is the Equator?
     The Equator is the 0° line of latitude that divides the Earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres.


  3. What is the Prime Meridian?
     The Prime Meridian is the 0° line of longitude that divides the Earth into Eastern and Western Hemispheres.


  4. What are latitudes?
     Latitudes are imaginary horizontal lines that run parallel to the Equator.


  5. What are longitudes?
     Longitudes are imaginary vertical lines that run from the North Pole to the South Pole.


  6. What is the total number of longitudes?
     There are 360 longitudes.


  7. How many latitudes are there including the Equator?
     There are 181 latitudes including the Equator.


  8. Which line of latitude is a great circle?
     The Equator is the only line of latitude that is a great circle.


  9. What are meridians?
     Meridians are another name for lines of longitude.


  10. What is the Tropic of Cancer?
     The Tropic of Cancer is the latitude located at 23½°N.


  11. What is the Tropic of Capricorn?
     The Tropic of Capricorn is the latitude located at 23½°S.


  12. What is the Arctic Circle?
     The Arctic Circle is located at 66½°N latitude.


  13. What is the Antarctic Circle?
     The Antarctic Circle is located at 66½°S latitude.


  14. What is the North Pole?
     The North Pole is located at 90°N latitude.


  15. What is the South Pole?
     The South Pole is located at 90°S latitude.


  16. What is the function of latitudes?
     Latitudes help in determining how far a place is from the Equator.


  17. What is the function of longitudes?
     Longitudes help in determining the time of a place.


  18. How much distance is covered by 1° of latitude?
     1° of latitude covers approximately 111 km.


  19. What is the use of a geographic grid?
     It helps to locate any place on the Earth accurately.


  20. What is the Earth’s rotation speed in degrees per hour?
     The Earth rotates 15° per hour.


  21. What is the time difference for every 1° of longitude?
     There is a time difference of 4 minutes per 1° longitude.


  22. What is the standard meridian of India?
     The standard meridian of India is 82½°E.


  23. What is Indian Standard Time (IST) based on?
     IST is based on 82½°E longitude.


  24. How is GMT defined?
     GMT is the time at 0° longitude passing through Greenwich, England.


  25. What is the time difference between GMT and IST?
     IST is 5 hours 30 minutes ahead of GMT.


  26. What is the International Date Line?
     The International Date Line is an imaginary line at 180° longitude that separates two calendar dates.


  27. What happens when we cross the International Date Line from west to east?
     We subtract one day.


  28. What happens when we cross the International Date Line from east to west?
     We add one day.


  29. What is a great circle?
     A great circle is any circle that divides the Earth into two equal halves and passes through its center.


  30. What is a small circle?
     A small circle is a circle that does not divide the Earth into two equal halves.


  31. Name one use of great circles.
     They are used in air and sea navigation.


  32. What is local time?
     Local time is the time of a place based on the position of the sun.


  33. When is it 12 noon at a place?
     It is 12 noon when the sun is overhead at that place.


  34. What are the three heat zones of the Earth?
     Torrid Zone, Temperate Zone, and Frigid Zone.


  35. Where is the Torrid Zone located?
     It lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.


  36. Where is the Temperate Zone located?
     It lies between the Tropics and the Arctic or Antarctic Circles.


  37. Where is the Frigid Zone located?
     It lies between the Arctic or Antarctic Circles and the respective poles.


  38. Why are longitudes not parallel?
     Because they converge at the poles.


  39. What is the use of coordinates?
     Coordinates help in finding the exact location of a place.


  40. What is a hemisphere?
     A hemisphere is half of the Earth, either north-south or east-west.


  41. Which hemisphere is India located in?
     India is located in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres.


  42. What is the shortest route between two places on a globe?
     The shortest route is along a great circle.


  43. What do you mean by standard time?
     Standard time is the time of the central meridian of a country.


  44. What is a time zone?
     A time zone is a region where the same standard time is used.


  45. How many time zones are there in the world?
     There are 24 time zones.


  46. What is the significance of 180° longitude?
     It marks the International Date Line.


  47. What is the direction of latitude lines?
     Latitudes run in an east-west direction.


  48. What is the direction of longitude lines?
     Longitudes run in a north-south direction.


  49. What is the longitude of Greenwich?
     0° longitude.


  50. What is the geographical location of Mumbai?
     Mumbai is located at 19°N latitude and 73°E longitude.

Puzzles

  1. I lie at 66½°N. I help mark the start of the Frigid Zone in the north. Who am I?
     Arctic Circle


  2. If a place lies at 90°W, what is the time difference from GMT?
     6 Hours Behind


  3. I am the line that receives the earliest sunrise in the world. What am I?
     International Date Line


  4. I am measured from 0° to 180° east or west. What am I?
     Longitude


  5. I am the zone between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn. I receive direct sunlight. Who am I?
     Torrid Zone


  6. I cause day and night on Earth. What am I?
     Earth’s Rotation


  7. I am the 0° line of longitude. I pass through Greenwich. Who am I?
     Prime Meridian


  8. I am used by a country as the official time. I am fixed based on a central meridian. What am I?
     Standard Time


  9. I am the shortest distance between two places on a globe. What path am I?
     Great Circle Route


  10. I am located at 90° north. I am a point and not a line. Who am I?
     North Pole


  11. I help to locate a place using degrees north or south of the Equator. Who am I?
     Latitude


  12. I show the same time throughout my entire zone. I am 15° wide. What am I?
     Time Zone


  13. When the sun is directly overhead, I say it is 12 noon. What am I?
     Local Time


  14. I am India’s standard meridian. I lie at 82½°E. What am I?
     Indian Standard Time


  15. I help define if a place is in the Northern or Southern Hemisphere. What am I?
     Equator


  16. I am the imaginary line around Earth at 0° latitude. What am I?
     Equator


  17. If a place is located at 19°N and 73°E, what city is it?
     Mumbai


  18. I am measured from 0° to 90° north or south. What am I?
     Latitude


  19. I am used to describe coordinates along with longitude. What am I?
     Latitude


  20. I divide the Earth into two hemispheres vertically. What am I?
     Prime Meridian


  21. I am a circle that doesn’t divide the Earth into equal halves. What am I?
     Small Circle


  22. I extend from the Arctic Circle to the North Pole. I’m very cold. Who am I?
     Frigid Zone


  23. I divide the Earth horizontally into two hemispheres. What am I?
     Equator


  24. I increase toward the north or south from the Equator. I help measure climate zones. What am I?
     Latitude


  25. If a city lies at 51.5°N, 0°W, which city is it?
     London


  26. I lie at 23½°N. I mark the northern boundary of the Torrid Zone. Who am I?
     Tropic of Cancer


  27. I lie between 0° and 23½° latitudes. What climate zone am I?
     Torrid Zone


  28. What is the longitude interval between two time zones?
     15 Degrees


  29. I lie at 66½°S. I mark the boundary of the South Frigid Zone. Who am I?
     Antarctic Circle


  30. If it is 12 noon at Greenwich, and the longitude is 60°E, what is the local time?
     4 PM


  31. You cross me and gain or lose a day. I lie at 180° longitude. Who am I?
     International Date Line


  32. I am a line that divides the Earth into two equal halves. I run east to west and I’m the only latitude that is a great circle. Who am I?
     Equator


  33. I run from pole to pole and meet at both ends. I help in calculating time. Who am I?
     Longitude


  34. If a place is west of GMT, is it ahead or behind in time?
     Behind


  35. I am a country located both north of the Equator and east of the Prime Meridian. Who am I?
     India


  36. If the sun is overhead at a place, what time is it there?
     12 Noon


  37. If you go 90° east of GMT, what is the time difference?
     6 Hours


  38. I rotate the Earth by 15° every hour. What natural process am I?
     Earth’s Rotation


  39. I am the southernmost point on Earth. I lie at 90°S. Who am I?
     South Pole


  40. I am 360 in total. I run from the North Pole to the South Pole. What am I?
     Longitudes


  41. I am the basis of GMT and time zones. I pass through Greenwich. What am I?
     Prime Meridian


  42. I help planes find the shortest route. I divide the Earth into two equal parts. What am I?
     Great Circle


  43. I help define if a place is in the Eastern or Western Hemisphere. What am I?
     Prime Meridian


  44. I am 181 in total including the Equator. I am parallel lines. What am I?
     Latitudes


  45. How many minutes does Earth take to rotate 1° longitude?
     4 Minutes


  46. I lie at 23½°S. I mark the southern boundary of the Torrid Zone. Who am I?
     Tropic of Capricorn


  47. I lie between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle. My climate is moderate. Who am I?
     Temperate Zone


  48. I determine climate zones along with sunlight angle. What am I?
     Latitude


  49. I am the system formed by intersecting latitudes and longitudes. Who am I?
     Geographic Grid


  50. I am the Earth’s movement that causes time zones. What am I?
     Rotation

Difference Between:

  1. Difference between Latitude and Longitude

Latitude

  • Imaginary lines running parallel to the Equator.
  • Measure distance north or south of the Equator.
  • Maximum value is 90° N or S.
  • 181 lines including the Equator.
  • All are parallel to each other.

Longitude

  • Imaginary lines running from the North Pole to the South Pole.
  • Measure distance east or west of the Prime Meridian.
  • Maximum value is 180° E or W.
  • 360 lines in total.
  • All longitudes meet at the poles.

 

  1. Difference between Equator and Prime Meridian

Equator

  • 0° latitude.
  • Divides the Earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
  • Longest line of latitude.
  • Is a great circle.

Prime Meridian

  • 0° longitude.
  • Divides the Earth into Eastern and Western Hemispheres.
  • Runs from North Pole to South Pole.
  • Is a reference for time calculation (GMT).

 

  1. Difference between Standard Time and Local Time

Standard Time

  • Uniform time fixed for a country or region.
  • Based on the central meridian.
  • Same throughout the time zone.

Local Time

  • Time based on the position of the Sun at a particular longitude.
  • Varies from place to place.
  • Changes every 4 minutes for each 1° longitude.

 

  1. Difference between Great Circle and Small Circle

Great Circle

  • Divides the Earth into two equal halves.
  • Center of the circle is the same as Earth’s center.
  • Shortest route between two points.

Small Circle

  • Does not divide Earth into equal halves.
  • Center is not the same as Earth’s center.
  • Not used for navigation.

 

  1. Difference between Eastern Hemisphere and Western Hemisphere

Eastern Hemisphere

  • Lies east of the Prime Meridian up to 180°.
  • Includes Asia, Australia, most of Africa, and parts of Europe.

Western Hemisphere

  • Lies west of the Prime Meridian up to 180°.
  • Includes North and South America, and part of Europe and Africa.

 

  1. Difference between Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere

Northern Hemisphere

  • Lies north of the Equator.
  • Includes North America, Europe, and Asia.

Southern Hemisphere

  • Lies south of the Equator.
  • Includes South America, Australia, and Antarctica.

 

  1. Difference between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn

Tropic of Cancer

  • 23½° North latitude.
  • Northern boundary of the Torrid Zone.

Tropic of Capricorn

  • 23½° South latitude.
  • Southern boundary of the Torrid Zone.

 

  1. Difference between Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle

Arctic Circle

  • 66½° North latitude.
  • Marks the beginning of the North Frigid Zone.

Antarctic Circle

  • 66½° South latitude.
  • Marks the beginning of the South Frigid Zone.

 

  1. Difference between Meridians and Parallels

Meridians

  • Another name for longitudes.
  • Run from pole to pole.
  • All are equal in length.

Parallels

  • Another name for latitudes.
  • Run east-west parallel to the Equator.
  • Length decreases from Equator to poles.

 

  1. Difference between GMT and IST

GMT

  • Greenwich Mean Time.
  • Based on 0° longitude.

IST

  • Indian Standard Time.
  • Based on 82½°E longitude.
  • 5 hours 30 minutes ahead of GMT.

 

  1. Difference between Torrid Zone and Frigid Zone

Torrid Zone

  • Lies between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn.
  • Receives vertical rays of the Sun.
  • Hottest zone on Earth.

Frigid Zone

  • Lies between Arctic/Antarctic Circle and the poles.
  • Receives slanting rays of the Sun.
  • Coldest zones on Earth.

 

  1. Difference between Latitude and Heat Zones

Latitude

  • Angular distance from the Equator.
  • Helps determine position on the globe.

Heat Zones

  • Climatic zones determined by latitude.
  • Indicate temperature variation.

 

  1. Difference between Coordinates and Grid

Coordinates

  • Combination of latitude and longitude of a place.
  • Gives exact location.

Grid

  • Entire network of latitudes and longitudes.
  • Helps locate any place on Earth.

 

  1. Difference between Rotation and Revolution

Rotation

  • Earth spinning on its axis.
  • Causes day and night.
  • Takes 24 hours.

Revolution

  • Earth orbiting the Sun.
  • Causes seasons.
  • Takes 365¼ days.

 

  1. Difference between Heat Zones and Climate Zones

Heat Zones

  • Defined by latitude.
  • Include Torrid, Temperate, and Frigid.

Climate Zones

  • Based on temperature, rainfall, and vegetation.
  • Include tropical, arid, polar, etc.

 

  1. Difference between Equal and Unequal Circles

Equal Circles

  • Divide the globe into two equal parts.
  • Example: Equator, any great circle.

Unequal Circles

  • Do not divide the globe equally.
  • Example: All latitudes except Equator.

 

  1. Difference between 0° Latitude and 90° Latitude

0° Latitude

  • Known as the Equator.
  • Longest latitude.

90° Latitude

  • Refers to the poles (North/South).
  • Point, not a line.

 

  1. Difference between Time Zone and Standard Time

Time Zone

  • 15° wide longitudinal belt with uniform time.
  • Based on Earth’s rotation.

Standard Time

  • Time fixed for an entire country/region.
  • Based on a selected meridian.

 

  1. Difference between Geographic Pole and Magnetic Pole

Geographic Pole

  • Fixed points at 90°N and 90°S.
  • Represent true axis of Earth’s rotation.

Magnetic Pole

  • Location where Earth’s magnetic field is vertical.
  • Not aligned with geographic poles.

 

  1. Difference between International Date Line and Prime Meridian

International Date Line

  • 180° longitude.
  • Not straight to avoid dividing land areas.
  • Change of date occurs here.

Prime Meridian

  • 0° longitude.
  • Reference for time zones (GMT).
  • Divides Earth into east and west hemispheres.

Assertion and Reason

  • A – Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation.
  • B – Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation.
  • C – Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
  • D – Assertion is false, but Reason is true.




  1. Assertion: The Equator is the longest line of latitude.
     Reason: It divides the Earth into Eastern and Western Hemispheres.
     Answer: C


  2. Assertion: Prime Meridian passes through Greenwich, London.
     Reason: Greenwich was chosen internationally as the reference point for 0° longitude.
     Answer: A


  3. Assertion: Longitudes help in determining time.
     Reason: Longitudes run parallel to the Equator.
     Answer: C


  4. Assertion: Latitudes help in locating places north or south of the Equator.
     Reason: Latitudes are measured from the poles.
     Answer: C


  5. Assertion: Tropic of Capricorn lies in the Northern Hemisphere.
     Reason: It is located at 23½°N.
     Answer: D


  6. Assertion: The International Date Line is located at 180° longitude.
     Reason: It helps in determining local time.
     Answer: B


  7. Assertion: Arctic Circle lies at 66½°N.
     Reason: It marks the boundary of the North Temperate Zone.
     Answer: C


  8. Assertion: The Earth rotates 360° in 24 hours.
     Reason: The rotation of the Earth is responsible for the occurrence of seasons.
     Answer: C


  9. Assertion: The Tropic of Cancer is at 23½°N.
     Reason: It is the southernmost latitude to receive vertical rays of the sun.
     Answer: C


  10. Assertion: Equator is a great circle.
     Reason: It divides the Earth into two equal hemispheres.
     Answer: A


  11. Assertion: IST is 5 hours 30 minutes ahead of GMT.
     Reason: The Indian Standard Time is calculated from 82½°E longitude.
     Answer: A


  12. Assertion: All latitudes are parallel to each other.
     Reason: They do not meet at the poles.
     Answer: A


  13. Assertion: Longitudes are also called parallels.
     Reason: They run in an east-west direction.
     Answer: D


  14. Assertion: Lines of longitude converge at the poles.
     Reason: They are semi-circles stretching from pole to pole.
     Answer: A


  15. Assertion: The Prime Meridian and International Date Line lie on opposite sides of the Earth.
     Reason: They are 180° apart.
     Answer: A


  16. Assertion: The heat zones are determined by longitudes.
     Reason: Longitudes receive varying sunlight.
     Answer: D


  17. Assertion: A great circle route is the longest path between two points.
     Reason: It follows the curvature of the Earth.
     Answer: D


  18. Assertion: The distance between two degrees of latitude is approximately 111 km.
     Reason: This distance remains almost constant.
     Answer: A


  19. Assertion: 0° longitude is called the Equator.
     Reason: It passes through the centre of the Earth.
     Answer: D


  20. Assertion: All longitudes are equal in length.
     Reason: They extend from the North Pole to the South Pole.
     Answer: A


  21. Assertion: Equator is the only great circle among latitudes.
     Reason: All other latitudes are smaller circles.
     Answer: A


  22. Assertion: The Earth is divided into 24 time zones.
     Reason: The Earth rotates 15° in one hour.
     Answer: A


  23. Assertion: The Arctic Circle lies in the Southern Hemisphere.
     Reason: It is located at 66½°S.
     Answer: D


  24. Assertion: Local time is determined by the position of the moon.
     Reason: Local time depends on the meridian.
     Answer: D


  25. Assertion: The International Date Line is a straight line.
     Reason: It avoids dividing nations into two different dates.
     Answer: D


  26. Assertion: All longitudes are great circles.
     Reason: They divide the Earth into two equal halves.
     Answer: A


  27. Assertion: Longitude determines the climate of a place.
     Reason: Longitude affects the distance from the Equator.
     Answer: D


  28. Assertion: Latitude lines are equidistant.
     Reason: They are parallel to each other.
     Answer: A


  29. Assertion: Standard time is based on the central meridian of a country.
     Reason: It ensures uniform time across the country.
     Answer: A


  30. Assertion: The North Pole is at 90°N.
     Reason: It is the northernmost point on Earth.
     Answer: A


  31. Assertion: 15° rotation of Earth equals 1 hour.
     Reason: The Earth rotates 360° in 24 hours.
     Answer: A


  32. Assertion: The Equator helps determine time zones.
     Reason: It is the reference line for time calculation.
     Answer: D


  33. Assertion: Great Circles are used for navigation.
     Reason: They represent the shortest path between two places.
     Answer: A


  34. Assertion: Latitude helps in calculating distance between places.
     Reason: One degree of latitude equals about 111 km.
     Answer: A


  35. Assertion: Longitude determines whether a place is in the Eastern or Western Hemisphere.
     Reason: Longitude is measured from the Prime Meridian.
     Answer: A


  36. Assertion: The International Date Line is fixed and straight.
     Reason: It changes date when crossed.
     Answer: C


  37. Assertion: India follows the local time of Delhi as IST.
     Reason: Delhi lies on the Prime Meridian.
     Answer: D


  38. Assertion: Equator lies at 0° latitude.
     Reason: It runs from North Pole to South Pole.
     Answer: C


  39. Assertion: Tropic of Capricorn receives direct sunlight on June 21.
     Reason: Earth is tilted towards the sun in June.
     Answer: D


  40. Assertion: Longitudes determine standard time zones.
     Reason: Each time zone spans 15° longitude.
     Answer: A


  41. Assertion: Latitude influences time zones directly.
     Reason: Latitude measures north-south position.
     Answer: C


  42. Assertion: Local time varies from place to place.
     Reason: It depends on the longitude of a place.
     Answer: A


  43. Assertion: 180° longitude is the same as the Prime Meridian.
     Reason: Both are used to divide Earth into hemispheres.
     Answer: C


  44. Assertion: The Earth’s grid system includes parallels and meridians.
     Reason: They intersect to form coordinates.
     Answer: A


  45. Assertion: Coordinates help determine the exact location of a place.
     Reason: They include both latitude and longitude.
     Answer: A


  46. Assertion: 0° latitude is a longitude.
     Reason: It passes through Greenwich.
     Answer: D


  47. Assertion: Latitude determines climate zones.
     Reason: Sun’s rays fall differently at different latitudes.
     Answer: A


  48. Assertion: Longitude affects seasons directly.
     Reason: Earth’s tilt and revolution affect seasons.
     Answer: C


  49. Assertion: Great circles always pass through the Equator.
     Reason: All great circles are lines of latitude.
     Answer: D


  50. Assertion: 66½°S marks the Antarctic Circle.
     Reason: It is the southern limit of the Temperate Zone.
     Answer: C

True or False

  1. The Equator is the longest line of latitude.
     True


  2. All longitudes are parallel to each other.
     False


  3. The Prime Meridian is located at 0° longitude.
     True


  4. The Equator divides the Earth into Eastern and Western Hemispheres.
     False


  5. The Tropic of Capricorn lies in the Northern Hemisphere.
     False


  6. Latitude lines are measured east and west of the Prime Meridian.
     False


  7. Longitudes help in calculating local time.
     True


  8. The Earth rotates 15° every hour.
     True


  9. The Tropic of Cancer lies at 23½°S.
     False


  10. Lines of longitude converge at the poles.
     True


  11. The Arctic Circle is located at 66½°N.
     True


  12. The International Date Line is a straight line.
     False


  13. Local time is the same across all longitudes.
     False


  14. IST is 5 hours 30 minutes behind GMT.
     False


  15. The Frigid Zone lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle.
     False


  16. The Equator lies at 0° latitude.
     True


  17. Latitude and longitude form a grid system.
     True


  18. Latitude lines intersect at the poles.
     False


  19. There are 181 lines of latitude including the Equator.
     True


  20. Longitudes are also called parallels.
     False


  21. The North Pole is located at 90°N latitude.
     True


  22. The Equator receives direct rays of the sun throughout the year.
     True


  23. Longitude determines whether a place is in the Eastern or Western Hemisphere.
     True


  24. The plane of a great circle passes through the center of the Earth.
     True


  25. The only latitude that is a great circle is the Equator.
     True


  26. The Tropic of Cancer lies south of the Equator.
     False


  27. There are 360 meridians of longitude.
     True


  28. All meridians are of equal length.
     True


  29. The Earth rotates 360° in 48 hours.
     False


  30. Each degree of longitude corresponds to 4 minutes of time.
     True


  31. The Indian Standard Time is based on 75°E longitude.
     False


  32. Time zones are 15° apart in longitude.
     True


  33. The Prime Meridian passes through Paris.
     False


  34. Lines of latitude measure distances from the Prime Meridian.
     False


  35. The Great Circle route is the longest path between two places.
     False


  36. Mumbai is located at 19°N, 73°E.
     True


  37. The Tropic of Capricorn lies at 23½°S.
     True


  38. Longitude lines are used to calculate standard time.
     True


  39. Latitude lines are used to calculate the Earth’s time zones.
     False


  40. The Eastern Hemisphere lies to the right of the Prime Meridian.
     True


  41. The Southern Hemisphere lies below the Equator.
     True


  42. The Northern Temperate Zone lies between the Equator and Tropic of Cancer.
     False


  43. Local time is based on the position of the moon.
     False


  44. A great circle always divides the Earth into unequal parts.
     False


  45. The International Date Line lies at 180° longitude.
     True


  46. Airlines use great circle routes for efficient navigation.
     True


  47. Longitude lines are measured from the Equator.
     False


  48. The difference in time between two longitudes 15° apart is 1 hour.
     True


  49. All lines of latitude are great circles.
     False


  50. Parallels of latitude help in identifying climatic zones.
     True

Long Answer Questions

  1. What is the geographic grid? Explain its significance.
     The geographic grid is a network of imaginary lines—latitudes and longitudes—drawn on the Earth’s surface. Latitudes run east-west and longitudes run north-south. Together, they form a coordinate system that helps in locating any place on Earth with accuracy. This grid is essential for navigation, mapping, time calculation, and understanding Earth’s geography.


  2. Differentiate between latitude and longitude.
     Latitudes are imaginary horizontal lines that run parallel to the Equator and measure the angular distance north or south of the Equator. Longitudes are imaginary vertical lines that run from the North Pole to the South Pole and measure the angular distance east or west of the Prime Meridian. Latitudes are parallel, but longitudes converge at the poles.


  3. What are the main latitudes of the Earth? Write their importance.
     The main latitudes are: Equator (0°), Tropic of Cancer (23½°N), Tropic of Capricorn (23½°S), Arctic Circle (66½°N), Antarctic Circle (66½°S), North Pole (90°N), and South Pole (90°S). These lines help divide the Earth into climatic zones—Torrid, Temperate, and Frigid—and assist in determining climate and daylight variation across regions.


  4. Describe the characteristics and importance of the Equator.
     The Equator is the 0° latitude, dividing the Earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres. It is the longest latitude and a great circle. It receives direct sunlight throughout the year, making it the hottest zone. It is used as a reference point to measure all other latitudes and to understand global temperature distribution.


  5. Define the Prime Meridian and state its significance.
     The Prime Meridian is the 0° longitude line that passes through Greenwich, England. It divides the Earth into the Eastern and Western Hemispheres and is the starting point for measuring longitudes. It serves as the reference line for calculating time zones and standard times across the world.


  6. What are the important longitudes and their uses?
     The important longitudes are: Prime Meridian (0°), 180° Longitude (International Date Line), and the Standard Meridians of various countries (e.g., 82½°E for India). Longitudes are used for calculating local and standard time, defining time zones, and determining the position of a place east or west of the Prime Meridian.


  7. Explain how longitudes help in calculating time.
     Since the Earth rotates 360° in 24 hours, it covers 15° per hour. Therefore, every 1° of longitude corresponds to 4 minutes of time difference. Places east of the Prime Meridian are ahead in time, and those to the west are behind. This principle is used to calculate local and standard time across different places.


  8. What is local time and how is it determined?
     Local time is the time at a particular place, calculated based on the position of the sun. When the sun is directly overhead, it is 12 noon at that location. Local time varies from one longitude to another, with each degree accounting for 4 minutes of time difference.


  9. What is standard time and why is it necessary?
     Standard time is the uniform time adopted for an entire country or region, based on the central meridian. It prevents confusion caused by different local times within the same country. It simplifies communication, transportation, and business operations. For example, IST is based on 82½°E.


  10. Explain the concept of time zones.
     The Earth is divided into 24 time zones, each covering 15° of longitude and representing one hour of time difference. Time zones ensure that local noon roughly coincides with the sun being overhead. They help maintain standardized time across regions and facilitate global coordination.


  11. What is the Indian Standard Time? On which longitude is it based?
     Indian Standard Time (IST) is the official time observed in India. It is calculated from 82½°E longitude, which passes near Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh. IST is 5 hours 30 minutes ahead of GMT. It ensures uniform time across the country.


  12. What is Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)? Why is it important?
     Greenwich Mean Time is the mean solar time at the Prime Meridian (0° longitude), passing through Greenwich, England. It serves as the base reference for calculating time globally and is used as the standard in aviation, shipping, and international communication.


  13. Define the International Date Line. What happens when it is crossed?
     The International Date Line (IDL) is an imaginary line located along the 180° longitude in the Pacific Ocean. When crossed from west to east, one day is subtracted; when crossed from east to west, one day is added. It is zigzagged to avoid splitting countries into two different dates.


  14. What are the heat zones of the Earth? Describe them.
     The Earth is divided into three heat zones based on latitudes: (i) Torrid Zone (between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn) – hottest zone; (ii) Temperate Zones (between tropics and circles) – moderate climate; (iii) Frigid Zones (beyond Arctic and Antarctic Circles) – coldest zones with extremely slanting rays.


  15. What is a great circle? Name examples.
     A great circle is any circle that divides the Earth into two equal halves and whose center coincides with the center of the Earth. The Equator and all longitudes are examples. They are used in navigation because they represent the shortest distance between two points.


  16. How are great circles useful in navigation?
     Great circles provide the shortest path between two locations on a sphere. Airplanes and ships use these routes to save time and fuel. Great circle navigation is especially used for long-distance international routes.


  17. Distinguish between great circles and small circles.
     Great circles divide the Earth into two equal parts and pass through its center (e.g., Equator, longitudes). Small circles do not divide the Earth equally and do not pass through its center (e.g., all latitudes except Equator).


  18. What is the difference between Eastern and Western Hemispheres?
     The Earth is divided by the Prime Meridian (0°) and the 180° line into Eastern (to the right of Prime Meridian) and Western Hemispheres (to the left). Eastern Hemisphere includes Asia, Africa, and Australia; Western Hemisphere includes the Americas.


  19. What is the difference between Northern and Southern Hemispheres?
     The Equator divides the Earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The Northern Hemisphere lies above the Equator and includes most of the landmass; the Southern Hemisphere lies below and includes much of the oceans.


  20. How do latitudes help in determining climate?
     Latitudes determine how directly the sun’s rays hit the Earth. Areas near the Equator receive direct rays and are hotter, while higher latitudes receive slanting rays and are cooler. Thus, latitudes divide the Earth into climatic zones.


  21. Explain how coordinates help in locating places.
     Coordinates are the intersection points of latitude and longitude. Each place on Earth has a unique coordinate (e.g., 19°N, 73°E for Mumbai), which helps to locate it precisely on a map or globe.


  22. Describe the three main zones of latitude and their climatic features.
     (i) Torrid Zone – hot, humid climate due to direct sun rays. (ii) Temperate Zone – moderate climate with distinct seasons. (iii) Frigid Zone – very cold, long winters and short summers due to slanting rays.


  23. What happens to time when we move eastward from the Prime Meridian?
     Time increases by 4 minutes for every 1° east. Places to the east are ahead of GMT. For example, at 15°E, the local time is 1 hour ahead of GMT.


  24. What happens to time when we move westward from the Prime Meridian?
     Time decreases by 4 minutes for every 1° west. Places to the west are behind GMT. For example, at 30°W, the local time is 2 hours behind GMT.


  25. Why does the Earth have time zones?
     The Earth has time zones to accommodate the 24-hour rotation cycle. Since it rotates 15° per hour, each time zone corresponds to 1 hour. This system ensures standardized time across the globe.


  26. Why are all longitudes of equal length while latitudes are not?
     All longitudes are semi-circles running from pole to pole and hence are of equal length. Latitudes, however, are parallel circles; their length decreases as they move away from the Equator toward the poles, making them unequal in length.


  27. What is the significance of 180° longitude?
     180° longitude lies directly opposite the Prime Meridian and forms the basis of the International Date Line. It is important because it marks the point where the date changes by one day when crossed, allowing global timekeeping to remain consistent.


  28. Why do longitudes converge at the poles but latitudes do not?
     Longitudes are drawn from pole to pole, so they naturally converge at both the North and South Poles. Latitudes, on the other hand, are concentric circles that remain equidistant from each other and do not meet at any point.


  29. Explain how to calculate time at a place using longitude.
     To calculate local time, note the difference in degrees of longitude between the reference point (usually GMT) and the location. Multiply the degree difference by 4 minutes. Add the result if the place is east of GMT, subtract if west. For example, 90°E = 90 × 4 = 360 minutes = 6 hours ahead of GMT.


  30. Why do countries adopt a standard meridian?
     Countries adopt a standard meridian to have a uniform time across all regions within their borders. This avoids confusion caused by different local times and simplifies scheduling in transportation, governance, communication, and broadcasting.


  31. Why is the Prime Meridian located at Greenwich?
     The Prime Meridian was internationally agreed upon at the International Meridian Conference in 1884 to pass through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, London, due to British global influence and the availability of accurate timekeeping data from that location.


  32. Explain why the International Date Line is not straight.
     The International Date Line zigzags to avoid dividing countries or islands into different calendar dates. This allows entire countries or island groups to remain on the same date, ensuring administrative convenience and national unity.


  33. What do you understand by the term “hemisphere”? Name the four hemispheres.
     A hemisphere is half of the Earth. The four hemispheres are: Northern Hemisphere (above Equator), Southern Hemisphere (below Equator), Eastern Hemisphere (east of Prime Meridian), and Western Hemisphere (west of Prime Meridian).


  34. Why does the Torrid Zone receive the maximum heat?
     The Torrid Zone lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, where the sun’s rays fall directly overhead at different times of the year. This direct radiation makes it the hottest zone on Earth.


  35. Why do the Frigid Zones remain extremely cold?
     The Frigid Zones lie beyond the Arctic and Antarctic Circles where the sun’s rays are extremely slanting. This results in very low solar heating, long winters, and minimal warmth, keeping these areas very cold throughout the year.


  36. How does the concept of great circles apply to international flights?
     Airlines use great circles because they represent the shortest route between two points on a globe. This reduces flight time, saves fuel, and improves efficiency, especially for intercontinental and polar routes.


  37. What are parallels and meridians? How do they differ?
     Parallels are lines of latitude running east-west and are parallel to the Equator. Meridians are lines of longitude running north-south from pole to pole. Parallels are equidistant and do not meet, while meridians converge at the poles.


  38. Why is the Equator the most important latitude?
     The Equator is the 0° latitude that divides the Earth into two equal halves, receives direct sunlight all year, and is used as the reference point for all other latitudes. It also plays a key role in climate and navigation.


  39. How is the concept of latitude important to agriculture?
     Latitude influences temperature, rainfall, and seasons, which determine the types of crops that can be grown in a region. Tropical latitudes support crops like rice and sugarcane, while temperate zones favor wheat and barley.


  40. State three uses of latitudes and longitudes.
     (i) To locate any place on Earth. (ii) To determine time using longitudes. (iii) To identify climatic zones using latitudes. Together, they help in geography, navigation, and global coordination.


  41. How do longitudes influence the daily life of people?
     Longitudes affect time zones, which impact business hours, train and flight schedules, television broadcasting, and daily routines. For instance, countries adopt a standard longitude to fix working hours and timekeeping.


  42. What is the difference between direct and slanting sun rays? How does it affect temperature?
     Direct rays hit the Earth perpendicularly and deliver more energy, increasing temperature (e.g., Torrid Zone). Slanting rays spread over a larger area, reducing heat intensity (e.g., Temperate and Frigid Zones).


  43. How does the Earth’s rotation relate to time and longitudes?
     The Earth rotates 360° in 24 hours, which equals 15° per hour. This forms the basis of time calculation across longitudes. Each 15° of longitude represents a one-hour time difference, giving rise to global time zones.


  44. Why is there a time difference between two places on the Earth?
     Due to the Earth’s rotation, different places receive sunlight at different times. Each degree of longitude causes a 4-minute time difference. Thus, places on different longitudes have different local times.


  45. State three differences between local time and standard time.
     (i) Local time varies by longitude; standard time is fixed for a country. (ii) Local time is based on sun’s position; standard time is based on a central meridian. (iii) Local time changes frequently; standard time is constant across a region.


  46. Explain how seasons are influenced by latitudes.
     Latitudes determine how directly the sun’s rays hit a region. Areas near the Equator have little seasonal change, while higher latitudes have pronounced seasons due to the tilt of the Earth and varying solar angles.


  47. Why is IST not taken from the longitude passing through Delhi?
     India adopted 82½°E longitude as its standard meridian to be centrally located and suitable for the entire country. Delhi’s local time would not be representative of eastern and western regions.


  48. What are the limitations of local time in modern society?
     Local time changes every few kilometers, causing confusion in transportation, communication, and governance. Standard time was introduced to unify timekeeping across larger regions.


  49. Describe the role of latitude in the classification of climate zones.
     Latitude determines how much solar energy a region receives. Equatorial areas are hot, mid-latitudes are moderate, and polar areas are cold. Hence, latitudes help divide the Earth into Torrid, Temperate, and Frigid Zones.


  50. Write the coordinates of any two important cities and explain how they help locate the place.
     Mumbai: 19°N, 73°E; London: 51.5°N, 0°W. These coordinates give the exact location of cities by providing their position north/south of the Equator and east/west of the Prime Meridian, allowing for precise identification on a globe or map.

Give Reasons

  1. Give a reason why the Equator is the longest line of latitude.
     Because it is the only latitude that is a great circle and lies midway between the poles.


  2. Give a reason why the lines of latitude are parallel.
     Because they are equidistant from each other and never meet.


  3. Give a reason why longitudes converge at the poles.
     Because they are semi-circles that run from the North Pole to the South Pole.


  4. Give a reason why latitudes help in determining climate.
     Because the amount of solar heat received depends on the distance from the Equator.


  5. Give a reason why the Equator has a hot climate.
     Because it receives direct rays of the sun throughout the year.


  6. Give a reason why the poles are extremely cold.
     Because they receive slanting rays of the sun throughout the year.


  7. Give a reason why the Torrid Zone is the hottest zone.
     Because it lies between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn and receives vertical sun rays.


  8. Give a reason why the Frigid Zones are very cold.
     Because the sun’s rays fall extremely slanting in these zones.


  9. Give a reason why time varies from place to place.
     Because of the Earth’s rotation and difference in longitudes.


  10. Give a reason why the Earth is divided into 24 time zones.
     Because the Earth rotates 360° in 24 hours, covering 15° each hour.


  11. Give a reason why there is a 4-minute time difference between two consecutive longitudes.
     Because the Earth rotates 1° in 4 minutes.


  12. Give a reason why standard time is necessary.
     Because local time differs from place to place and creates confusion.


  13. Give a reason why 82½°E is taken as the standard meridian of India.
     Because it lies almost in the center of India.


  14. Give a reason why IST is 5 hours 30 minutes ahead of GMT.
     Because 82½°E is 5 hours 30 minutes ahead of 0° longitude.


  15. Give a reason why Greenwich is selected as the Prime Meridian.
     Because it was internationally agreed upon at the 1884 conference held in Washington D.C.


  16. Give a reason why longitudes are important for calculating time.
     Because time changes by 4 minutes for every degree of longitude.


  17. Give a reason why the International Date Line is not straight.
     Because it avoids dividing islands and countries into two different dates.


  18. Give a reason why longitudes are not parallel.
     Because they converge at the poles.


  19. Give a reason why latitudes do not meet.
     Because they run parallel to each other around the globe.


  20. Give a reason why only the Equator is a great circle among latitudes.
     Because it is the only latitude that divides the Earth into two equal halves.


  21. Give a reason why all longitudes are great circles.
     Because each passes through the center of the Earth and connects the poles.


  22. Give a reason why great circles are used in navigation.
     Because they represent the shortest distance between two points on the Earth’s surface.


  23. Give a reason why airlines follow great circle routes.
     Because they save time and fuel by covering the shortest path.


  24. Give a reason why Mumbai is located in the Eastern Hemisphere.
     Because its longitude is 73°E, which lies east of the Prime Meridian.


  25. Give a reason why Equator receives equal day and night throughout the year.
     Because the sun is almost always directly overhead at the Equator.


  26. Give a reason why time changes as we move from east to west.
     Because the Earth rotates from west to east.


  27. Give a reason why the Temperate Zone experiences moderate climate.
     Because it receives slanting but not extreme sun rays.


  28. Give a reason why the same meridian has the same local time.
     Because all places on the same meridian experience noon at the same moment.


  29. Give a reason why the sun rises earlier in the east than in the west.
     Because the Earth rotates from west to east.


  30. Give a reason why 180° longitude is known as the International Date Line.
     Because the date changes when this line is crossed.


  31. Give a reason why the Equator is important for navigation.
     Because it is used as the base to measure all latitudes and plot routes.


  32. Give a reason why the Prime Meridian is important.
     Because it is the starting point for measuring longitudes and calculating world time.


  33. Give a reason why we use coordinates to locate a place.
     Because coordinates give the exact position of a place using latitude and longitude.


  34. Give a reason why Earth’s rotation affects time.
     Because different parts of the Earth face the sun at different times.


  35. Give a reason why small circles are not used in navigation.
     Because they do not provide the shortest distance between two places.


  36. Give a reason why 1° latitude equals approximately 111 km.
     Because this is the average distance between any two degrees of latitude on the Earth’s surface.


  37. Give a reason why 15° longitude equals one hour.
     Because the Earth completes 360° rotation in 24 hours (360 ÷ 24 = 15).


  38. Give a reason why local time was replaced with standard time.
     Because it caused confusion in communication and transport across regions.


  39. Give a reason why all meridians are of equal length.
     Because they are semi-circles running from pole to pole.


  40. Give a reason why latitudes decrease in size from Equator to poles.
     Because the Earth is spherical, and circles become smaller toward the poles.


  41. Give a reason why longitudes are measured in degrees east or west of Prime Meridian.
     Because the Prime Meridian is the reference line for all longitudes.


  42. Give a reason why the Torrid Zone has tropical rainforests.
     Because it has high temperature and heavy rainfall due to direct sunlight.


  43. Give a reason why the Arctic Circle has 24 hours of daylight in summer.
     Because of the tilt of the Earth’s axis and its position relative to the sun.


  44. Give a reason why the globe shows curved lines instead of straight lines for meridians.
     Because it represents the spherical shape of the Earth.


  45. Give a reason why latitudes are used to determine the heat zones.
     Because the angle of sunlight varies with distance from the Equator.


  46. Give a reason why 90°N and 90°S are points, not lines.
     Because they represent the poles where all meridians meet.


  47. Give a reason why countries use central meridians for standard time.
     Because it provides a fixed reference for uniform national time.


  48. Give a reason why the Eastern Hemisphere is ahead in time compared to the Western Hemisphere.
     Because it lies east of the Prime Meridian and receives sunlight earlier.


  49. Give a reason why a place located at 90°E will be 6 hours ahead of GMT.
     Because 90 × 4 minutes = 360 minutes = 6 hours.


  50. Give a reason why IST is based on 82½°E and not on Delhi’s longitude.
     Because 82½°E is centrally located in India and convenient for the whole country.

Arrange the Words 

Case Studies

  1. A pilot is flying from Delhi (77°E) to Tokyo (139°E). To save time and fuel, he wants to follow the shortest possible route.
     Which concept will help the pilot plan this efficient path?
     Great Circle Route



  1. A geographer locates a place as 40°N, 74°W on the globe.
    What does this combination of values represent?
     Geographic Coordinates



  1. A scientist is researching climate patterns and finds that a region receives vertical sunrays throughout the year.
    In which heat zone is this region located?
     Torrid Zone



  1. While sailing in the Pacific Ocean, a ship crosses 180° longitude from west to east.
    What change does the captain record in the ship’s logbook?
     Subtracts one day



  1. A student notices that it is 2:00 PM in Kolkata (88°E) and wants to know the time in London (0°).
    Which geographical feature will help her calculate the time difference?
     Longitude



  1. A meteorologist reports weather conditions at a location south of the Equator and east of the Prime Meridian.
    Which hemispheres is this location in?
     Southern and Eastern Hemisphere



  1. An explorer marks his location as 0° latitude and 0° longitude.
    Which geographical point is he located at?
     Intersection of Equator and Prime Meridian



  1. A country uses the longitude 82½°E for its official clock.
    What is the name of this time system?
     Indian Standard Time



  1. A sailor uses a GPS to locate his ship as 30°S, 60°W.
    Which two references is he using for this location?
     Latitude and Longitude



  1. A travel blogger visits Iceland during summer and experiences 24 hours of daylight.
    Which latitude zone does this phenomenon relate to?
     Frigid Zone



  1. A teacher asks students to measure the Earth’s circumference using latitude lines.
    Which specific line would they use as the standard?
     Equator



  1. An air route from New York to London curves over the Arctic region on the flight map.
    Why does it appear curved rather than straight?
     It follows a Great Circle path



  1. A town lies at 23½°N. It experiences the overhead sun during summer solstice.
    Which major line of latitude passes through this town?
     Tropic of Cancer



  1. A businessman in Japan schedules a virtual meeting with a client in Brazil.
    Why must they consider the Earth’s rotation and longitude difference?
     Time Zone Differences



  1. A cartographer draws lines on a globe that converge at both poles.
    What lines is he drawing?
     Longitudes (Meridians)



  1. A student finds a map with only horizontal lines.
    What important grid element is missing?
     Longitudes



  1. An international airline uses maps that help them minimize fuel usage on long routes.
    What concept do these maps rely on?
     Great Circles



  1. A researcher finds that a location is 111 km north of another.
    What unit of measurement and direction has she used?
     One degree of Latitude



  1. A city located at 51.5°N and 0° observes GMT as its time standard.
    Which city is this?
     London



  1. An Indian student sets a world clock app to show GMT and IST.
    What is the time difference she will observe between them?
     5 hours 30 minutes ahead

Numericals

Numeric problems are not available for this chapter.

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