CBSE

Questions & Answers

CBSE - Grade - 10

Subject: History

Chapter - 03 - The Making of a Global World

Types of Questions

MCQ
Fill in the Blanks
Name the following
Answer in one word
Find the Odd man out
Assertion & Reason
Match the Pair
True or False
Short Answer Questions
Long Answer Questions
Give Reasons
Puzzles
Arrange the Words*
Case Study
Difference Between
Numericals (for certain subjects only)

MCQ

Which of the following best describes the term ‘Globalisation’?
a) A recent phenomenon limited to the 21st century
b) Only the spread of internet and technology
c) Long-term historical process of interconnectedness in trade, migration, and culture
d) Political unification of all countries into one government
Answer: c) Long-term historical process of interconnectedness in trade, migration, and culture
Which example shows ancient long-distance trade in the pre-modern world?
a) Exchange of goods between Indus Valley and West Asia
b) Sale of European cars in the US
c) British textile imports in India
d) Export of Indian IT services
Answer: a) Exchange of goods between Indus Valley and West Asia
Cowries were shells mainly sourced from:
a) China
b) Maldives
c) East Africa
d) Japan
Answer: b) Maldives
The Silk Routes linked:
a) Only Asia and Europe
b) Asia, Europe, and Africa
c) Only Africa and Europe
d) Asia and America
Answer: b) Asia, Europe, and Africa
Which religion spread through the Silk Routes?
a) Zoroastrianism
b) Buddhism
c) Jainism
d) Shinto
Answer: b) Buddhism
Spaghetti is believed to have been influenced by:
a) Indian rice dishes
b) Chinese noodles
c) French bread
d) African millet
Answer: b) Chinese noodles
Potatoes, maize, and chillies reached Europe after:
a) Vasco da Gama’s voyage to India
b) Columbus’ voyage to the Americas
c) The Berlin Conference
d) The Great Depression
Answer: b) Columbus’ voyage to the Americas
The Irish famine of the 1840s was caused by the failure of which crop?
a) Wheat
b) Maize
c) Potato
d) Barley
Answer: c) Potato
European conquest of the Americas was aided by:
a) Gunpowder from China
b) Smallpox and other diseases
c) Refrigerated ships
d) Corn Laws
Answer: b) Smallpox and other diseases
Which of the following was NOT an economic flow in the nineteenth-century world economy?
a) Trade in goods
b) Labour migration
c) Capital flows
d) Space exploration
Answer: d) Space exploration
The Corn Laws in Britain were repealed in:
a) 1815
b) 1830
c) 1846
d) 1860
Answer: c) 1846
Repeal of the Corn Laws allowed Britain to:
a) Import cheaper food
b) Increase tariffs on imports
c) Ban wheat imports
d) Stop migration
Answer: a) Import cheaper food
Which technology made meat affordable for the poor in Europe?
a) Railways
b) Refrigerated ships
c) Telegraph
d) Steam locomotives
Answer: b) Refrigerated ships
Which year marked the Berlin Conference where Africa was divided among European powers?
a) 1757
b) 1815
c) 1885
d) 1914
Answer: c) 1885
Rinderpest killed what percentage of African cattle in the 1890s?
a) 10%
b) 30%
c) 60%
d) 90%
Answer: d) 90%
Indentured labourers from India were often sent for a term of:
a) 2 years
b) 3 years
c) 5 years
d) 10 years
Answer: c) 5 years
Which Indian communities became notable entrepreneurs abroad?
a) Parsis and Bengalis
b) Chettiars and Hyderabadi Sindhis
c) Marathas and Rajputs
d) Jats and Sikhs
Answer: b) Chettiars and Hyderabadi Sindhis
Under colonial rule, India mainly exported:
a) Finished textiles
b) Raw cotton, indigo, opium
c) Automobiles
d) Steel products
Answer: b) Raw cotton, indigo, opium
World War I is often called:
a) The first industrial war
b) The war of independence
c) The war of unification
d) The colonial revolt
Answer: a) The first industrial war
Henry Ford introduced the assembly line in:
a) 1904
b) 1914
c) 1924
d) 1934
Answer: b) 1914
The Great Depression began in:
a) 1919
b) 1929
c) 1939
d) 1945
Answer: b) 1929
During the Great Depression, Indian exports and imports:
a) Increased
b) Halved
c) Doubled
d) Stayed the same
Answer: b) Halved
The Civil Disobedience Movement in India began in:
a) 1919
b) 1921
c) 1930
d) 1935
Answer: c) 1930
The Bretton Woods Conference established:
a) UN and NATO
b) IMF and World Bank
c) EU and ASEAN
d) SAARC and G-20
Answer: b) IMF and World Bank
The fixed exchange rate system linked the US dollar to:
a) Silver
b) Oil
c) Gold
d) Wheat
Answer: c) Gold
Between 1950–70, world trade grew annually at:
a) 2%
b) 4%
c) 6%
d) 8%
Answer: d) 8%
The G-77 group mainly consisted of:
a) European powers
b) Newly independent developing nations
c) Oil-exporting countries only
d) Communist states
Answer: b) Newly independent developing nations
Which was NOT a demand of the NIEO?
a) Fairer prices for raw materials
b) Control over natural resources
c) Better access to markets
d) Removal of all borders
Answer: d) Removal of all borders
The Bretton Woods system ended in the:
a) 1950s
b) 1960s
c) 1970s
d) 1980s
Answer: c) 1970s
After Bretton Woods ended, the world moved to:
a) Fixed exchange rates
b) Floating exchange rates
c) Barter system
d) Gold standard
Answer: b) Floating exchange rates
Which countries emerged as major global players by the late 20th century?
a) India, China, Brazil
b) USA, UK, France
c) Japan, Korea, Canada
d) Egypt, Kenya, Peru
Answer: a) India, China, Brazil
Which crop from the Americas improved European diets significantly?
a) Sugarcane
b) Potato
c) Cotton
d) Tea
Answer: b) Potato
Which disease spread along ancient trade routes as early as the 7th century CE?
a) Rinderpest
b) Smallpox
c) Plague
d) Cholera
Answer: b) Smallpox
Which was a major export from Peru and Mexico in the 16th century?
a) Silver
b) Gold
c) Sugar
d) Coffee
Answer: a) Silver
Indentured labourers in the Caribbean often adapted Indian traditions into:
a) Hosay festival and Chutney music
b) Bhangra and Garba
c) Holi and Diwali
d) Qawwali and Kathakali
Answer: a) Hosay festival and Chutney music
Which term describes bonded labourers sent abroad under contract?
a) Serfs
b) Indentured labourers
c) Migrant farmers
d) Guild workers
Answer: b) Indentured labourers
Which invention revolutionised communication in the 19th century?
a) Steamship
b) Telegraph
c) Radio
d) Printing press
Answer: b) Telegraph
Which country became the world’s leading economic power after World War I?
a) Britain
b) France
c) USA
d) Germany
Answer: c) USA
The Civil Disobedience Movement in 1931 was partly triggered by:
a) Industrial strikes
b) Great Depression’s impact on India
c) Partition of Bengal
d) Salt tax increase
Answer: b) Great Depression’s impact on India
The NIEO was proposed by:
a) Developed countries
b) Newly independent developing countries
c) Colonial empires
d) Socialist bloc nations
Answer: b) Newly independent developing countries
What did the Bretton Woods system aim to ensure?
a) Trade without tariffs
b) Stable exchange rates
c) Global free migration
d) End of colonialism
Answer: b) Stable exchange rates
Refrigerated ships were most important for:
a) Wheat trade
b) Meat trade
c) Cotton trade
d) Oil trade
Answer: b) Meat trade
The Great Depression saw US banks:
a) Expanding overseas loans
b) Recalling overseas loans
c) Forgiving all debts
d) Switching to gold currency
Answer: b) Recalling overseas loans
Which event divided Africa among European powers?
a) Treaty of Versailles
b) Berlin Conference
c) Bretton Woods Conference
d) Congress of Vienna
Answer: b) Berlin Conference
Which crop failure caused famine in Ireland in the 1840s?
a) Wheat
b) Potato
c) Maize
d) Rice
Answer: b) Potato
What was the primary purpose of the IMF?
a) Fund wars
b) Manage balance of payments problems
c) Control colonial trade
d) Regulate gold mining
Answer: b) Manage balance of payments problems
Which community was known for banking and financing export agriculture in Burma and Ceylon?
a) Chettiars
b) Pathans
c) Baniyas
d) Parsis
Answer: a) Chettiars
After the end of Bretton Woods, developing countries often borrowed from:
a) IMF only
b) Private banks
c) UN agencies
d) WTO
Answer: b) Private banks
The Silk Routes carried which type of goods?
a) Spices, silk, porcelain
b) Cars, electronics, steel
c) Coffee, cocoa, tea
d) Paper, gunpowder, tea
Answer: a) Spices, silk, porcelain
Which century saw the rise of mass production in the USA?
a) 17th century
b) 18th century
c) 19th century
d) 20th century
Answer: d) 20th century

Fill in the Blanks

The silk routes are a good example of _______________ and _______________ linkages before the modern era.
Answer: cultural, economic
Ancient trade routes were named as ‘Silk routes’ because Chinese silk cargoes used to travel along them to _______________.
Answer: distant parts of the world
In the pre-modern world, China exported silk and pottery while India exported _______________ to other countries.
Answer: spices and textiles
Traders and travellers introduced new crops such as _______________ from Africa into Asia.
Answer: millets
The Portuguese and Spanish conquest of America was made possible due to the accidental discovery of _______________ by Christopher Columbus in 1492.
Answer: the Americas
America’s original inhabitants are often referred to as _______________.
Answer: Native Americans
Smallpox, carried by the Europeans to America, killed up to _______________ of the indigenous population.
Answer: 90%
The most powerful weapon of the Spanish conquerors in America was not a gun or a sword, but _______________.
Answer: germs such as smallpox
In the 17th century, America became known for its vast lands for cultivation of crops such as _______________ and _______________.
Answer: maize, potatoes
The discovery of the Americas resulted in a massive flow of _______________ from mines in present-day Bolivia and Mexico to Europe.
Answer: silver
The 19th century is often described as a period of rapid _______________ expansion.
Answer: economic
Britain became the world’s leading industrial nation by the _______________ century.
Answer: nineteenth
Indian textiles had been renowned all over the world for their _______________ and _______________.
Answer: fine quality, exquisite craftsmanship
In the late 18th century, British cotton manufacturers began to expand their _______________.
Answer: overseas markets
The abolition of the Corn Laws in Britain led to an increase in _______________ imports.
Answer: food grain
The opening of the _______________ in 1869 shortened the route between Europe and Asia.
Answer: Suez Canal
Britain’s population increased from 13 million in 1810 to _______________ million in 1880.
Answer: 33
In the 19th century, food came from faraway countries like _______________ and _______________ to Britain.
Answer: America, Australia
The demand for labour in Britain’s colonies was met by a system of _______________ migration.
Answer: indentured
Indian indentured labourers worked mostly on sugar plantations in countries like _______________, Fiji and the Caribbean islands.
Answer: Mauritius
Many indentured labourers viewed the system as a way to escape poverty and oppression in their home villages, referring to it as a _______________.
Answer: ‘girmit’
The cultural fusion resulting from migration is reflected in new forms of dance, music, and food such as _______________.
Answer: chutney
Britain’s trade surplus with India helped it balance its trade deficits with _______________ and _______________.
Answer: China, other countries
The industrial revolution in Britain led to the displacement of traditional industries in _______________.
Answer: India
By the late 19th century, Britain had emerged as the world’s leading _______________ power.
Answer: imperial
The Great Depression began in _______________ and lasted till the mid-1930s.
Answer: 1929
The Great Depression began with the collapse of the _______________ market in the USA.
Answer: stock
The Great Depression resulted in a fall in agricultural prices by _______________ per cent between 1929 and 1933.
Answer: 50
In India, peasants and farmers were badly hit by falling prices of agricultural produce and the continued demand for _______________.
Answer: land revenue
The most affected areas during the Great Depression in India were _______________ and _______________.
Answer: Punjab, United Provinces
During the Great Depression, the Indian jute industry suffered because of the collapse of export markets in _______________.
Answer: America
The Bretton Woods Conference took place in the year _______________.
Answer: 1944
The Bretton Woods system aimed to ensure economic stability and prevent a recurrence of the _______________.
Answer: Great Depression
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) are also called the _______________.
Answer: World Bank
The Bretton Woods system was based on fixed exchange rates, with the US dollar linked to _______________.
Answer: gold
The Bretton Woods system collapsed in the year _______________.
Answer: 1971
After the collapse of Bretton Woods, major currencies began to float against each other, determined by _______________.
Answer: market forces
MNCs expanded their operations in search of _______________ and _______________.
Answer: new markets, low-cost production
Globalisation has led to greater integration of production and markets across _______________.
Answer: countries
De-colonisation after World War II led to the emergence of many new _______________ nations.
Answer: independent
The newly independent countries often organised themselves into groups such as the _______________.
Answer: Non-Aligned Movement
The silk routes linked Asia with _______________ and North Africa.
Answer: Europe
Indian indentured labourers were recruited mainly from the districts of eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and _______________.
Answer: Central India
Potato cultivation in Europe helped to improve the _______________ of the poor.
Answer: food security
The discovery of gold in Australia led to a large influx of _______________ migrants.
Answer: European
One major consequence of the opening of the Suez Canal was a reduction in the _______________ of transporting goods.
Answer: cost
By the late 19th century, Britain’s imports of food grains came largely from countries like Canada, America, and _______________.
Answer: Russia
The cultural influence of Indian labour migration is visible in the Caribbean dish known as _______________.
Answer: roti
The silk routes not only facilitated trade but also enabled the exchange of _______________ and religious ideas.
Answer: cultural
In the 19th century, faster industrial growth in Britain created a higher demand for _______________ from the colonies.
Answer: raw materials

Name the Following

Name the food crop that was introduced into Europe from the Americas and became a staple in Ireland.
Answer: Potato
Name the disease carried by rats that killed many people in Europe during the mid-fourteenth century.
Answer: Bubonic Plague
Name the Portuguese explorer who discovered the sea route to India.
Answer: Vasco da Gama
Name the canal linking the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea.
Answer: Suez Canal
Name the Italian explorer who reached China and described his experiences in The Travels.
Answer: Marco Polo
Name the system introduced by Europeans in Africa to control cultivation and labour.
Answer: Indentured Labour System
Name the main item exported from China in the 17th and 18th centuries that was in great demand in Europe.
Answer: Silk
Name the European power that gained control over much of South America after the Treaty of Tordesillas.
Answer: Spain
Name the British economist who predicted the disintegration of the economy after World War I.
Answer: John Maynard Keynes
Name the crop that saved thousands of lives in Europe by preventing famine but later caused mass deaths when blight struck.
Answer: Potato
Name the plant that was introduced into India from Africa and became an important cash crop.
Answer: Cotton
Name the international institution established in 1944 to finance post-war reconstruction.
Answer: International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Name the global organisation set up in 1944 to deal with international trade and tariffs.
Answer: World Bank
Name the type of economy where trade is carried out without barriers or restrictions.
Answer: Free Trade Economy
Name the American President who introduced the New Deal during the Great Depression.
Answer: Franklin D. Roosevelt
Name the European country that faced the Great Irish Potato Famine.
Answer: Ireland
Name the precious metal that formed the basis of the world’s monetary system before the 1970s.
Answer: Gold
Name the term used for large agricultural estates in Latin America.
Answer: Plantations
Name the animal domesticated in the Americas and used for transportation before the arrival of Europeans.
Answer: Llama
Name the ship on which indentured labourers from India travelled to various colonies.
Answer: Girmit Ship
Name the main food crop of West Africa that was traded to other regions.
Answer: Cassava
Name the crop that became a major plantation product in the Caribbean islands after the arrival of Europeans.
Answer: Sugarcane
Name the economic crisis that began in 1929 in the USA and spread globally.
Answer: The Great Depression
Name the Asian country that remained free from European colonisation during the colonial era.
Answer: Thailand (Siam)
Name the economist who argued in favour of government intervention during economic depressions.
Answer: John Maynard Keynes
Name the two countries that were the main centres of the First World War in Europe.
Answer: Germany and Britain
Name the invention that reduced the cost of transportation of goods in the 19th century.
Answer: Steamship
Name the scientist whose work improved agricultural productivity during the 20th century.
Answer: Norman Borlaug
Name the crop from the Americas that helped improve the diets of people in Africa and Asia.
Answer: Maize
Name the island that became the centre of the slave trade in the Indian Ocean.
Answer: Zanzibar
Name the chemical fertiliser widely used in agriculture during the Green Revolution.
Answer: Ammonium Sulphate
Name the agreement that divided the world between Spain and Portugal in 1494.
Answer: Treaty of Tordesillas
Name the Asian port where Vasco da Gama first landed in 1498.
Answer: Calicut
Name the country from which indentured labourers were taken to work in Mauritius.
Answer: India
Name the crop grown in Assam that became a major British export.
Answer: Tea
Name the term used for the exchange of goods, people, and ideas between continents in the 16th century.
Answer: Columbian Exchange
Name the first country to industrialise in the world.
Answer: Britain
Name the ship that carried the first consignment of Indian indentured labourers to Mauritius in 1834.
Answer: Atlas
Name the precious metal that flooded European markets from the Americas in the 16th century.
Answer: Silver
Name the global conference held in 1944 that planned post-war economic order.
Answer: Bretton Woods Conference
Name the disease that devastated native populations in the Americas after European arrival.
Answer: Smallpox
Name the continent that was the main source of slaves for the plantation economy.
Answer: Africa
Name the method by which colonial powers ensured cheap raw materials from colonies.
Answer: Monopoly Control
Name the 19th-century British law that restricted grain imports and kept prices high.
Answer: Corn Laws
Name the US policy of lending money to European countries after World War I.
Answer: Dawes Plan
Name the 19th-century development that linked inland and coastal markets in Europe.
Answer: Railway Network
Name the food product from Asia that became popular in Europe after colonial expansion.
Answer: Spices
Name the economic system where colonies provided raw materials and markets for the mother country.
Answer: Mercantilism
Name the American crop that became a staple in southern China during the Qing dynasty.
Answer: Sweet Potato
Name the Indian port from which large numbers of indentured labourers were sent abroad.
Answer: Calcutta

Answer in One Word

The term used for goods sent out of a country for sale abroad.
Answer: Export
The term used for goods brought into a country from abroad.
Answer: Import
Which disease killed 60 million people in the late 19th century in India?
Answer: Plague
Which food crop was originally from America but became a staple in Ireland?
Answer: Potato
Which continent was known as the ‘New World’?
Answer: America
Which trade linked India, China, Europe, and Southeast Asia for centuries?
Answer: Silk Route
Which 19th-century event led to large-scale migration from India to other colonies?
Answer: Indentured labour system
Which country was the first to industrialise in the 18th century?
Answer: Britain
What was the main commodity exported from India to China in the 19th century?
Answer: Opium
Which country exported wheat to Britain during the 19th century?
Answer: Canada
Which crop failure caused the Great Irish Famine?
Answer: Potato
Which 18th-century economic policy encouraged European countries to accumulate wealth through colonies?
Answer: Mercantilism
Which canal, opened in 1869, shortened the sea route between Europe and Asia?
Answer: Suez Canal
Which industrial product did Britain export to India in large quantities during colonial rule?
Answer: Textiles
Which war in 1914-1918 was the first truly global conflict?
Answer: First World War
Which plant’s cultivation was promoted in Bengal by the British for blue dye production?
Answer: Indigo
Which continent supplied a large number of indentured labourers to work on plantations in the 19th century?
Answer: Asia
Which system allowed Indian labourers to work overseas under contract?
Answer: Indenture system
Which economic crisis began in 1929 in the USA?
Answer: Great Depression
Which industry was the centre of Britain’s Industrial Revolution?
Answer: Textile industry
Which country emerged as a leading economic power after the First World War?
Answer: USA
Which animal introduced from Europe transformed Native American life?
Answer: Horse
Which continent was a major source of slaves for the Atlantic slave trade?
Answer: Africa
Which disease carried by Europeans devastated the native populations of the Americas?
Answer: Smallpox
Which Indian port became a major centre for opium exports to China?
Answer: Calcutta
Which 19th-century British law restricted Indian cotton textiles in Britain?
Answer: Calico Acts
Which South American crop became a major export to Europe in the 19th century?
Answer: Sugar
Which crop from the Americas was introduced to Africa and Asia, improving food security?
Answer: Maize
Which country supplied indentured labour to Fiji, Mauritius, and the Caribbean?
Answer: India
Which global conflict broke out in 1939?
Answer: Second World War
Which metal was in high demand for coinage in 19th-century China?
Answer: Silver
Which treaty ended the First World War in 1919?
Answer: Treaty of Versailles
Which European country established the Cape Colony in South Africa?
Answer: Netherlands
Which British economist promoted free trade and opposed mercantilism?
Answer: Adam Smith
Which Indian port city was known for its shipbuilding industry in colonial times?
Answer: Bombay
Which global institution was formed in 1944 to promote financial stability?
Answer: IMF
Which economic organisation was formed in 1944 alongside the IMF?
Answer: World Bank
Which international agreement in 1944 regulated currency exchange rates?
Answer: Bretton Woods Agreement
Which American policy after 1945 aimed to rebuild European economies?
Answer: Marshall Plan
Which Asian country was under American occupation after the Second World War?
Answer: Japan
Which country’s economy collapsed in 1923 due to hyperinflation?
Answer: Germany
Which South American country became a major beef exporter to Europe?
Answer: Argentina
Which system of farming involved large estates producing for export?
Answer: Plantation system
Which discovery in California in 1848 attracted global migration?
Answer: Gold
Which currency was fixed to gold under the Gold Standard?
Answer: Pound Sterling
Which industrial raw material did India export in large quantities to Britain?
Answer: Cotton
Which British law in 1813 ended the East India Company’s monopoly on Indian trade?
Answer: Charter Act
Which colony became a major sugar producer using slave labour in the 18th century?
Answer: Caribbean
Which shipping innovation in the 19th century reduced transport costs?
Answer: Steamship
Which 19th-century American crop became important for British textile mills?
Answer: Cotton

CBSE - Grade 10 - Science

All Chapters

Science
- Chapter 1 – Chemical Reactions and Equations
- Chapter 2 – Acids, Bases and Salts
- Chapter 3 – Metals and Non-metals
- Chapter 4 – Carbon and its Compounds
- Chapter 5 – Life Processes
- Chapter 6 – Control and Coordination
- Chapter 7 – How do Organisms Reproduce?
- Chapter 8 – Heredity
- Chapter 9 – Light – Reflection and Refraction
- Chapter 10 – The Human Eye and the Colourful World
- Chapter 11 – Electricity
- Chapter 12 – Magnetic Effects of Electric Current
- Chapter 13 – Our Environment

CBSE - Grade 10 - Mathematics

All Chapters

Ch 01 – Real Numbers
Ch 02 – Polynomials
Ch 03 – Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables
Ch 04 – Quadratic Equations
Ch 05 – Arithmetic Progressions
Ch 06 – Triangles
Ch 07 – Coordinate Geometry
Ch 08 – Introduction to Trigonometry
Ch 09 – Some Applications of Trigonometry
Ch 10 – Circles
Ch 11 – Areas related to Circles
Ch 12 – Surface Areas and Volumes
Ch 13 – Statistics
Ch 14 – Probability

CBSE - Grade 10 - English - First Flights

All Chapters

A Letter to God
Dust of Snow
Fire and Ice
Nelson Mandela: A Long Walk to Freedom
A Tiger in the Zoo
Two Stories about Flying
His First Flight
Black Aeroplane
How to Tell Wild Animals
The Ball Poem
From the Diary of Anne Frank
Amanda!
Glimpses of India
A Baker from Goa
Coorg
III. Tea from Assam
The Trees
Mijbil the Otter
Fog
Madam Rides the Bus
The Tale of Custard the Dragon
The Sermon at Benares
For Anne Gregory
The Proposal

CBSE - Grade 10 - English - Words and Expressions

All Chapters

Unit 1 – A Letter to God
Unit 2 – Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to freedom
Unit 3 – Two stories about flying
Unit 4 – From the diary of Anne Frank
Unit 5 – Glimpses of India
Unit 6 – Mijbil the otter
Unit 7 – Madam rides the bus
Unit 8 – The sermon at Benaras
Unit 9 – The proposal

CBSE - Grade 10 - English - Supplementary Reader - Footprints without Feet

All Chapters

A Triumph of Surgery
The Thief’s Story
The Midnight Visitor
A Question of Trust
Footprints without Feet
The Making of a Scientist
The Necklace
Bholi
The Book That Saved the Earth

CBSE - Grade 10 - History

All Chapters

The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
Nationalism in India
The Making of a Global World
The Age of Industrialisation
Print Culture and the Modern World

CBSE - Grade 10 - Civics

All Chapters

Chapter 1 Power-sharing
Chapter 2 Federalism
Chapter 3 Gender, Religion and Caste
Chapter 4 Political Parties
Chapter 5 Outcomes of Democracy

CBSE - Grade 10 - Geography

All Chapters

Resources and Development
Forest and Wildlife Resources
Water Resources
Agriculture
Minerals and Energy Resources
Manufacturing Industries
Lifelines of National Economy

CBSE - Grade 10 - Economics

All Chapters

Ch 01 – Development
Ch 02 – Sectors of the Indian Economy
Ch 03 – Money and Credit
Ch 04 – Globalisation and the Indian Economy
Ch 05 – Consumer Rights

CBSE Grade 10

Find the Odd Man Out

Corn, Potato, Tomato, Cotton
Answer: Cotton – All others are food crops introduced from the Americas, while cotton is a fibre crop.
Silk, Tea, Coffee, Potato
Answer: Potato – All others were luxury goods traded globally; potato was a staple food crop.
Industrial Revolution, Great Depression, Rinderpest, Corn Laws
Answer: Corn Laws – This was a specific British policy, others are global events.
Gold Standard, Bretton Woods, IMF, World Bank
Answer: Gold Standard – Others were post-1944 institutions, Gold Standard existed earlier.
Opium trade, Slave trade, Silk trade, Rinderpest
Answer: Rinderpest – It was a cattle disease, others were human-managed global trades.
Britain, France, Germany, Japan
Answer: Japan – Others were major colonial powers in 19th-century Africa; Japan’s focus was Asia.
IMF, World Bank, WTO, Gold Standard
Answer: Gold Standard – Not a global organisation but a monetary system.
Corn, Cocoa, Sugarcane, Wheat
Answer: Wheat – Others were introduced from the Americas to Europe; wheat was already cultivated in Eurasia.
Enclosure movement, Free trade, Gold Standard, Silk weaving
Answer: Silk weaving – Others are economic systems/policies; silk weaving is an industry.
Portuguese, Dutch, British, Chinese
Answer: Chinese – Others were European colonial powers expanding overseas.
European colonisation, Plantation agriculture, Slavery abolition, Rinderpest
Answer: Rinderpest – Only one that is a disease, others are socio-economic phenomena.
India, Australia, Canada, China
Answer: China – Others were part of the British Empire.
Tea from China, Cotton from India, Coffee from Brazil, Wheat from Australia
Answer: Wheat from Australia – Introduced much later in global trade compared to others.
USA, USSR, Britain, France
Answer: USSR – Did not follow the capitalist global trading system post-1945.
Silk Route, Corn Laws, Great Depression, Industrial Revolution
Answer: Silk Route – Belongs to medieval/early modern period, others are 18th–20th century events.
IMF, World Bank, UN, Gold Standard
Answer: Gold Standard – Not an organisation.
Indentured labour, Coolie trade, Enclosure, Great Depression
Answer: Enclosure – It’s a British agricultural change, others are related to global labour migration.
Coffee, Cocoa, Rubber, Wheat
Answer: Wheat – Others grow mainly in tropical regions.
Slave trade, Rinderpest, Opium trade, Indentured labour
Answer: Rinderpest – A disease, others are human trade/migration systems.
Bretton Woods, IMF, World Bank, Corn Laws
Answer: Corn Laws – British agricultural policy, others are international agreements/institutions.
French Revolution, Great Depression, Industrial Revolution, Gold Standard
Answer: French Revolution – Political event, others are economic in nature.
India, South Africa, Kenya, Canada
Answer: Canada – Temperate colony, others tropical/subtropical colonies.
Potato, Maize, Tomato, Tea
Answer: Tea – Originated in Asia, others from the Americas.
Silk, Spices, Slaves, Cattle plague
Answer: Cattle plague – Not a traded commodity.
Enclosure, Agricultural Revolution, Rinderpest, Gold rush
Answer: Rinderpest – Disease, others are economic events.
IMF, World Bank, WTO, League of Nations
Answer: League of Nations – Pre-WWII organisation; others are post-WWII.
Corn, Sugar, Coffee, Rice
Answer: Rice – Staple from Asia, others from the Americas.
Britain, Germany, USA, China
Answer: China – Not an industrialised nation during the early Industrial Revolution.
Slave trade, Coolie trade, Gold Standard, Opium trade
Answer: Gold Standard – Not a trade in goods or people.
Silk Route, Bretton Woods, Great Depression, Gold Standard
Answer: Silk Route – Pre-modern trade route.
IMF, World Bank, ILO, WTO
Answer: ILO – Concerned with labour rights, others with trade/finance.
Potato, Maize, Groundnut, Coffee
Answer: Coffee – Not a staple food crop from the Americas.
Enclosure, Corn Laws, Coolie trade, Silk weaving
Answer: Silk weaving – An industry, others are policies or trade systems.
Great Depression, Industrial Revolution, Green Revolution, Bretton Woods
Answer: Green Revolution – Post-1960s event, others earlier.
Rinderpest, Smallpox, Opium trade, Slave trade
Answer: Opium trade – Not a disease.
IMF, World Bank, GATT, Gold Standard
Answer: Gold Standard – Not a negotiated trade agreement or organisation.
Africa, Asia, Europe, Antarctica
Answer: Antarctica – Not involved in historical global trade networks.
British, French, Portuguese, Americans
Answer: Americans – Late colonial power compared to others.
Silk, Spices, Tea, Wheat
Answer: Wheat – Staple crop, others high-value luxury items in trade.
India, Brazil, China, Canada
Answer: Canada – Temperate colony producing wheat, others tropical/semi-tropical producers.
Opium, Cotton, Sugar, Rinderpest
Answer: Rinderpest – Not a commodity.
Enclosure, Gold Standard, Bretton Woods, IMF
Answer: Enclosure – Not related to global monetary/financial systems.
Potato, Tomato, Maize, Pepper
Answer: Pepper – Old World spice, others from the Americas.
Silk Route, Suez Canal, Panama Canal, Corn Laws
Answer: Corn Laws – Not a trade route.
USA, Britain, Germany, Australia
Answer: Australia – Colony, others were industrial powers.
Tea, Coffee, Cocoa, Maize
Answer: Maize – Staple grain, others are beverages.
IMF, World Bank, WTO, NATO
Answer: NATO – Military alliance, others economic/trade bodies.
Gold Standard, Great Depression, Bretton Woods, World War I
Answer: World War I – War, others are economic events.
Slavery, Indentured labour, Enclosure, Coolie trade
Answer: Enclosure – Not a form of labour system.
Potato, Corn, Rice, Groundnut
Answer: Rice – Asian staple, others from the Americas.

Match the Pair

Set 1
Column A:

Silk routes
Corn and potatoes
Industrial Revolution
Scramble for Africa
Indian indentured labour

Column B:
a. 15th–16th centuries food transfer to Europe
b. 19th century competition among European powers
c. Connected Asia, Europe and Africa for trade
d. Large-scale migration to sugar plantations
e. New technologies and industries in 18th century Britain

Answers:
1-c
2-a
3-e
4-b
5-d

Set 2
Column A:

Great Depression
Rinderpest
Opium trade
Bretton Woods Conference
IMF

Column B:
a. 1930s worldwide economic crisis
b. 1944 meeting to design post-war financial system
c. Spread to Africa in late 19th century killing cattle
d. International Monetary Fund
e. Export from India to China for tea payments

Answers:
1-a
2-c
3-e
4-b
5-d

Set 3
Column A:

Henry Ford
John Maynard Keynes
Coolie trade
Tariff barriers
Gold Standard

Column B:
a. British economist advocating state intervention
b. Early 20th century car manufacturer with assembly lines
c. System linking currency to fixed quantity of gold
d. Import taxes to protect domestic industries
e. Harsh labour migration to colonies

Answers:
1-b
2-a
3-e
4-d
5-c

Set 4
Column A:

Spinning Jenny
Potato famine
Suez Canal
British conquest of India
US food aid to Europe

Column B:
a. 1840s Ireland mass starvation
b. 19th century British colonial expansion in Asia
c. Invention boosting textile production
d. Canal linking Mediterranean to Red Sea
e. Marshall Plan after WWII

Answers:
1-c
2-a
3-d
4-b
5-e

Set 5
Column A:

Smallpox
Khedival Egypt
Latin America independence
Meat imports to Europe
Plantation system

Column B:
a. Introduced by Europeans to Americas causing deaths
b. Country modernized under Ismail Pasha, later in debt
c. Sugar, coffee, cotton estates with slave labour
d. From Argentina and Australia to Britain in 19th century
e. Early 19th century break from Spanish rule

Answers:
1-a
2-b
3-e
4-d
5-c

Set 6
Column A:

Westward expansion in USA
Corn Laws repeal
Global cotton supply disruption
Triangle Trade
Bretton Woods institutions

Column B:
a. World Bank and IMF
b. Trade linking Europe, Africa, Americas
c. Civil War reduced exports from southern US
d. Led to cheaper imported grain in Britain
e. Displacement of Native Americans

Answers:
1-e
2-d
3-c
4-b
5-a

Set 7
Column A:

Gold discoveries in California
Asian indentured workers in Caribbean
Enclosure movement
IMF headquarters
World Bank aim

Column B:
a. Forced consolidation of farmland in England
b. Washington DC
c. Boosted 19th century migration to America
d. Long-term capital loans to countries
e. Labour in sugar plantations under contracts

Answers:
1-c
2-e
3-a
4-b
5-d

Set 8
Column A:

Depression impact on colonies
Technology in shipping
Indian export crop under colonial rule
Role of USA after WWII
Birth of WTO

Column B:
a. Jute
b. Took leadership in rebuilding world economy
c. Steamships
d. Post-1995 successor to GATT
e. Falling prices and reduced exports

Answers:
1-e
2-c
3-a
4-b
5-d

Set 9
Column A:

Opium Wars
Industrial capitalism
Global migration patterns
Rinderpest effect in Africa
Keynesian policies

Column B:
a. Advocated government spending to boost economy
b. Cattle deaths caused rural impoverishment
c. Migration of workers from Asia, Europe to colonies
d. British–Chinese conflict over opium trade
e. System of production, profit and reinvestment

Answers:
1-d
2-e
3-c
4-b
5-a

Set 10
Column A:

Role of railways in colonies
Scramble for Africa year range
IMF creation year
Indian coolies in Mauritius
Impact of European diseases in Americas

Column B:
a. 1870s–1900
b. Transport raw materials and troops
c. Brought by indentured labour from India
d. 1944
e. Massive population decline of natives

Answers:
1-b
2-a
3-d
4-c
5-e

Short Answer Questions

What does the term ‘globalisation’ mean?
Answer: Integration of economies, societies, and cultures through a global network of trade, communication, and transportation.
Name the earliest form of global exchange.
Answer: Silk Route trade.
Which crop was first introduced in Europe from the Americas in the 16th century?
Answer: Potato.
What was the main food crop introduced from the Americas to Asia?
Answer: Maize.
Name the major epidemic that killed millions in Europe in the 16th century.
Answer: Smallpox.
Which precious metal flowed into Europe from South America after the discovery of America?
Answer: Silver.
Which country’s industrial revolution began in the late 18th century?
Answer: Britain.
Who controlled trade routes before European domination?
Answer: Asian and Arab traders.
Which crop from South America became a staple in Ireland?
Answer: Potato.
What was the main reason for Irish famine in the 1840s?
Answer: Potato crop failure due to disease.
Which animal species were introduced by Europeans to the Americas?
Answer: Horses.
Which year is associated with the Great Depression beginning?
Answer: 1929.
Name one Asian country badly hit by the Great Depression.
Answer: India.
What was the primary export from India to Britain in the 19th century?
Answer: Raw cotton.
Which economic system promoted free trade and open markets?
Answer: Capitalism.
Name the group of countries that formed the OPEC.
Answer: Oil-producing countries.
What was the Bretton Woods Conference about?
Answer: Establishing a new international monetary system.
In which year did the Bretton Woods Conference take place?
Answer: 1944.
Name the organisation formed at Bretton Woods to lend money for reconstruction.
Answer: International Monetary Fund (IMF).
Name the organisation formed at Bretton Woods to finance development projects.
Answer: World Bank.
Which system linked currencies to the US dollar?
Answer: Bretton Woods system.
Name the country whose currency was linked to gold after 1944.
Answer: United States.
What is the term for large-scale migration of people across regions?
Answer: Diaspora.
Which European power colonised India?
Answer: Britain.
Which 19th-century invention made transportation of perishable goods easier?
Answer: Refrigerated ships.
Which goods were transported in refrigerated ships?
Answer: Meat and dairy products.
Name the main raw material for Britain’s textile industry from India.
Answer: Cotton.
Who were indentured labourers?
Answer: Workers contracted for a fixed period to work overseas.
From which Indian state did many indentured labourers migrate to Mauritius?
Answer: Bihar.
Which country introduced the Corn Laws?
Answer: Britain.
In which year were the Corn Laws abolished?
Answer: 1846.
Which industrialised country first emerged as a major economic power in Asia in the 20th century?
Answer: Japan.
Which organisation replaced GATT in 1995?
Answer: World Trade Organization (WTO).
Name the American policy that aimed to revive Europe’s economy after World War II.
Answer: Marshall Plan.
Which war led to the emergence of the United States and USSR as superpowers?
Answer: Second World War.
Which Asian country became a centre of manufacturing in the late 20th century?
Answer: China.
Name the economic model followed by most countries immediately after World War II.
Answer: Mixed economy.
Which country’s economy collapsed leading to the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997?
Answer: Thailand.
Name the Indian leader who supported the Non-Aligned Movement during the Cold War.
Answer: Jawaharlal Nehru.
What does IMF stand for?
Answer: International Monetary Fund.
What was the main aim of the World Bank initially?
Answer: Reconstruction of war-torn economies.
Name the period when world trade and income collapsed.
Answer: Great Depression.
Which invention revolutionised sea transport in the 19th century?
Answer: Steamship.
Which agricultural product became a major export from West Indies to Europe?
Answer: Sugar.
Who discovered the sea route to India?
Answer: Vasco da Gama.
Name one major cause of migration in the 19th century.
Answer: Poverty and famine.
Which century saw the beginning of global interconnectedness?
Answer: 16th century.
Which economic policy protects domestic industries through tariffs?
Answer: Protectionism.
Which country was known as the ‘workshop of the world’ during the Industrial Revolution?
Answer: Britain.
Which global institution regulates trade between nations today?
Answer: World Trade Organization (WTO).

Puzzles

I was a disease that wiped out nearly 60% of Europe’s population in the 14th century and changed trade patterns forever. Who am I?
Answer: The Bubonic Plague

I am the name of the 19th-century transport invention that connected hinterlands to ports and made goods move faster. What am I?
Answer: Railways

I was a movement of crops, animals, and people between the Old World and the New World after 1492. What am I called?
Answer: The Columbian Exchange

I am the group of Europeans who first brought the potato from the Americas to Europe. Who am I?
Answer: The Spanish

I am the century when the Great Depression began. Which century am I?
Answer: 20th Century

I was the main crop that became the staple food for Europe after being introduced from the Americas, especially in Ireland. What am I?
Answer: Potato

I am the year in which the First World War began. What year am I?
Answer: 1914

I am the economic policy where colonies existed to serve the mother country by supplying raw materials and buying finished goods. What am I called?
Answer: Mercantilism

I was the main route for Indian indentured labourers to travel to plantations in the Caribbean, Fiji, and Mauritius. What am I?
Answer: The Kala Pani (Black Water) route

I am the ship that carried tea from China to Britain faster than any other vessel in the mid-19th century. What type of ship am I?
Answer: Clipper Ship

I was a 19th-century invention that revolutionised communication over long distances. What am I?
Answer: Telegraph

I am the name for the movement of people from Europe to the Americas in search of work and opportunities. What am I?
Answer: European Migration

I am the 18th-century economic change where machines replaced hand tools in production. What am I?
Answer: Industrial Revolution

I am the currency system introduced to stabilise the global economy after World War II. What am I?
Answer: Bretton Woods System

I was the crop from the Americas that became a staple in Africa and Asia due to my adaptability. What am I?
Answer: Maize

I am the plant that caused a devastating famine in Ireland when my crop failed in the 1840s. Who am I?
Answer: Potato

I was the American president who introduced the New Deal during the Great Depression. Who am I?
Answer: Franklin D. Roosevelt

I am the war that ended with the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. What am I?
Answer: First World War

I am the Asian country that remained independent but modernised its economy to avoid colonisation in the 19th century. What am I?
Answer: Japan

I am the sea route that connected Europe to Asia before the discovery of the Cape route. What am I?
Answer: Silk Route

I am the system of bonded labour that replaced slavery in many colonies in the 19th century. What am I?
Answer: Indentured Labour

I am the region in the USA that was famous for cotton production in the 19th century. What am I?
Answer: The American South

I was the country that emerged as the leading industrial power by the late 19th century. What am I?
Answer: Britain

I am the precious metal that flooded Europe from the Americas, leading to a price revolution. What am I?
Answer: Silver

I am the type of farming where crops are grown mainly for sale rather than for personal use. What am I?
Answer: Commercial Farming

I am the name given to the period between 1929 and the early 1940s when global trade and employment collapsed. What am I?
Answer: The Great Depression

I am the country where the Industrial Revolution first began. What am I?
Answer: Britain

I am the port city in India famous for being a hub in the opium trade with China. What am I?
Answer: Calcutta (Kolkata)

I am the term used for the practice of producing goods in large quantities using machinery. What am I?
Answer: Mass Production

I am the colony from where sugarcane was exported to Europe in the 17th century. What am I?
Answer: The Caribbean colonies

I am the American crop that supported the British textile industry’s expansion. What am I?
Answer: Cotton

I was the country that introduced the potato to Asia. Which country am I?
Answer: The Portuguese

I am the term for the exchange of goods and services without using money. What am I?
Answer: Barter System
I was the key crop grown by indentured labourers in Mauritius. What am I?
Answer: Sugarcane
I am the British economist who designed the Bretton Woods economic system. Who am I?
Answer: John Maynard Keynes

I am the 18th-century improvement in agriculture that increased food production before the Industrial Revolution. What am I?
Answer: Agricultural Revolution

I am the disease that devastated Native American populations after European contact. What am I?
Answer: Smallpox

I am the policy of extending a country’s power through colonisation and economic control. What am I?
Answer: Imperialism

I am the shipping canal that reduced travel time between Europe and Asia after 1869. What am I?
Answer: Suez Canal

I am the crop that caused the ‘Coffee Boom’ in Brazil in the 19th century. What am I?
Answer: Coffee

I am the person who discovered America in 1492. Who am I?
Answer: Christopher Columbus

I am the region where indentured labourers from India were sent to work on tea plantations. What am I?
Answer: Assam

I am the international organisation formed in 1944 to stabilise exchange rates and rebuild economies. What am I?
Answer: International Monetary Fund (IMF)

I am the period when the USA replaced Britain as the global economic power. When am I?
Answer: Post-World War II

I am the trade in enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas. What am I?
Answer: Transatlantic Slave Trade

I am the product China exported to Europe and India that caused massive silver inflow into China. What am I?
Answer: Tea

I am the sea journey connecting Africa, the Americas, and Europe during the slave trade. What am I?
Answer: The Triangular Trade

I am the international event that led to the decline of Britain’s economic dominance in the 20th century. What am I?
Answer: The First World War

I am the port city in South Africa that became an important stop for ships travelling to Asia. What am I?
Answer: Cape Town

I am the century when globalisation, as we know it today, accelerated due to technology and free trade agreements. Which century am I?
Answer: 20th Century

Difference Between:

Difference between Moderates and Extremists in the Indian National Congress.
Answer:

Moderates: Believed in constitutional and peaceful methods such as petitions, resolutions, and discussions with the British government.
Extremists: Believed in assertive methods like boycotts, swadeshi, and passive resistance to achieve self-rule.

Difference between Civil Disobedience Movement and Non-Cooperation Movement.
Answer:

Civil Disobedience Movement: Involved breaking specific colonial laws (like salt laws) and directly defying government orders.
Non-Cooperation Movement: Focused on withdrawing cooperation from the British by boycotting schools, courts, and goods.

Difference between Economic Nationalism and Political Nationalism.
Answer:

Economic Nationalism: Emphasis on protecting and promoting Indian industries and products.
Political Nationalism: Emphasis on achieving political freedom and self-governance.

Difference between Indian National Congress and Muslim League objectives before 1916.
Answer:

Indian National Congress: Worked for the political, social, and economic upliftment of all Indians regardless of religion.
Muslim League: Initially aimed to protect the political rights and interests of Muslims in India.

Difference between Khudai Khidmatgars and Revolutionary Terrorists.
Answer:

Khudai Khidmatgars: A non-violent movement led by Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan for Pashtun rights.
Revolutionary Terrorists: Used armed rebellion and violence to overthrow British rule.

Difference between Rowlatt Act and Ilbert Bill.
Answer:

Rowlatt Act: Allowed imprisonment without trial and curbed civil liberties in 1919.
Ilbert Bill: Proposed in 1883 to allow Indian judges to try Europeans in criminal cases.

Difference between Princely States and British Provinces.
Answer:

Princely States: Ruled by Indian princes under British suzerainty, with internal autonomy.
British Provinces: Directly governed by British officials under British Crown control.

Difference between Lucknow Pact and Poona Pact.
Answer:

Lucknow Pact (1916): Agreement between Congress and Muslim League for joint constitutional reforms.
Poona Pact (1932): Agreement between Gandhi and Ambedkar on reserved seats for Depressed Classes in provincial legislatures.

Difference between Permanent Settlement and Ryotwari System.
Answer:

Permanent Settlement: Land revenue fixed permanently; zamindars collected and paid revenue to the British.
Ryotwari System: Revenue collected directly from peasants (ryots) by the British government.

Difference between Home Rule Movement and Quit India Movement.
Answer:

Home Rule Movement: Demand for self-government within the British Empire.
Quit India Movement: Demand for immediate independence and complete withdrawal of British from India.

Difference between Dominion Status and Purna Swaraj.
Answer:

Dominion Status: Self-governing status under the British Crown.
Purna Swaraj: Complete independence from British rule.

Difference between Satya and Ahimsa in Gandhian philosophy.
Answer:

Satya: Commitment to truth in thought, speech, and action.
Ahimsa: Complete non-violence in thoughts, words, and deeds.

Difference between Salt Satyagraha and Simon Commission Protest.
Answer:

Salt Satyagraha: Direct action against British salt laws through Dandi March.
Simon Commission Protest: Opposition to an all-British commission with no Indian representation.

Difference between Swadeshi and Boycott.
Answer:

Swadeshi: Promotion and use of Indian-made goods.
Boycott: Refusal to use British-made goods or services.

Difference between First Round Table Conference and Second Round Table Conference.
Answer:

First Round Table Conference (1930): Boycotted by Congress; attended by princes and minorities.
Second Round Table Conference (1931): Attended by Gandhi as Congress representative after Gandhi-Irwin Pact.

Difference between Radical Nationalists and Moderate Nationalists.
Answer:

Radical Nationalists: Favoured direct confrontation, mass movements, and self-reliance.
Moderate Nationalists: Favoured gradual reforms and cooperation with British authorities.

Difference between Partition of Bengal (1905) and Reunification of Bengal (1911).
Answer:

Partition of Bengal: Divided Bengal into East and West for administrative purposes, but perceived as divide-and-rule policy.
Reunification of Bengal: Revoked partition due to widespread protests and unrest.

Difference between Indian Councils Act 1909 and Government of India Act 1919.
Answer:

Indian Councils Act 1909: Introduced separate electorates for Muslims.
Government of India Act 1919: Introduced dyarchy in provinces, expanding legislative councils.

Difference between Gandhi-Irwin Pact and Poona Pact.
Answer:

Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931): Agreement to end Civil Disobedience Movement temporarily in exchange for concessions.
Poona Pact (1932): Agreement on political representation for Depressed Classes.

Difference between Khilafat Movement and Non-Cooperation Movement.
Answer:

Khilafat Movement: Muslim movement to protect the Ottoman Caliphate after WWI.
Non-Cooperation Movement: Broad national movement led by Gandhi against British rule.

Assertion and Reason

A = Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
B = Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
C = A is true, but R is false
D = A is false, but R is true

Assertion (A): The Silk Routes connected distant parts of Asia with Europe.
Reason (R): They were mainly used for transporting only silk from China to Europe.
Answer: C
Assertion (A): Food travelled from one part of the world to another through long-distance trade.
Reason (R): The introduction of new crops often led to changes in local food habits.
Answer: A
Assertion (A): Potato was introduced into Europe from the Americas.
Reason (R): It became a staple crop in Ireland and improved food security.
Answer: A
Assertion (A): The Portuguese and Spanish conquests introduced deadly diseases into the Americas.
Reason (R): The original inhabitants had no immunity against smallpox.
Answer: A
Assertion (A): The discovery of the sea route to India by Vasco da Gama led to European dominance in Asian trade.
Reason (R): European traders had superior naval power compared to Asian traders.
Answer: A
Assertion (A): In the 19th century, Britain was known as the ‘workshop of the world’.
Reason (R): Britain had abundant coal and iron resources and led in industrial production.
Answer: A
Assertion (A): Industrialisation in Britain created a demand for raw cotton from India.
Reason (R): India’s climate and soil were unsuitable for cotton cultivation.
Answer: C
Assertion (A): The Corn Laws were passed in Britain to allow free import of food grains.
Reason (R): Landowners wanted to protect domestic grain prices.
Answer: D
Assertion (A): The repeal of the Corn Laws in Britain led to cheaper imported food.
Reason (R): This allowed urban workers to spend more on other goods.
Answer: A
Assertion (A): Global agricultural economies expanded in the late 19th century.
Reason (R): New lands were cultivated and linked to markets through railways and steamships.
Answer: A
Assertion (A): The demand for labour in plantations and mines was met through free migration only.
Reason (R): Many workers were recruited under indentured labour contracts.
Answer: D
Assertion (A): Indentured labourers were often promised good working conditions and high wages.
Reason (R): In reality, they often faced harsh treatment and poor living conditions.
Answer: A
Assertion (A): Many Indian indentured labourers came from regions of extreme poverty.
Reason (R): Famines, declining agriculture, and low wages pushed them to migrate.
Answer: A
Assertion (A): Tea plantations in Assam were mostly worked by local Assamese people.
Reason (R): The British imported indentured labourers from other Indian provinces.
Answer: D
Assertion (A): The Great Depression began in the early 1920s.
Reason (R): It was caused by overproduction in agriculture and industry.
Answer: C
Assertion (A): The Great Depression hit agricultural prices severely.
Reason (R): Overproduction caused prices to fall drastically, reducing farmers’ incomes.
Answer: A
Assertion (A): During the Great Depression, industrial production in the USA and Europe increased.
Reason (R): Factories were producing more to create employment.
Answer: D
Assertion (A): The US economy collapsed after the Wall Street Crash of 1929.
Reason (R): The stock market crash led to bank failures and mass unemployment.
Answer: A
Assertion (A): The Bretton Woods system aimed to promote international trade and stability.
Reason (R): It established the IMF and the World Bank.
Answer: A
Assertion (A): Under the Bretton Woods system, exchange rates were fixed to the value of gold.
Reason (R): This reduced uncertainty in international trade.
Answer: A
Assertion (A): The IMF was created to finance post-war reconstruction in Europe.
Reason (R): The World Bank was responsible for monetary cooperation between countries.
Answer: D
Assertion (A): The Bretton Woods system collapsed in 1971.
Reason (R): The US abandoned the gold standard.
Answer: A
Assertion (A): In the late 19th century, India became a major exporter of food grains.
Reason (R): The colonial government encouraged commercialisation of agriculture.
Answer: A
Assertion (A): The opening of the Suez Canal reduced travel time between Europe and India.
Reason (R): It provided a direct sea route through the Red Sea.
Answer: A
Assertion (A): Globalisation in the 19th century was based mainly on trade in manufactured goods.
Reason (R): Industrial countries exported manufactured goods and imported raw materials.
Answer: A
Assertion (A): The migration of indentured labourers was completely voluntary.
Reason (R): Many were tricked or forced into signing contracts.
Answer: D
Assertion (A): Indian merchants and bankers flourished during the colonial period.
Reason (R): They were excluded from high-profit overseas trade.
Answer: C
Assertion (A): Many indentured labourers returned to India after their contracts ended.
Reason (R): Some stayed back to settle in the colonies and start businesses.
Answer: B
Assertion (A): The Portuguese were the first Europeans to reach India by sea.
Reason (R): Vasco da Gama landed in Calicut in 1498.
Answer: A
Assertion (A): Global integration before the 16th century was limited.
Reason (R): Transport and communication networks were less developed.
Answer: A
Assertion (A): The exchange of food crops across continents improved nutrition worldwide.
Reason (R): Maize, potatoes, and tomatoes spread from the Americas to Europe, Asia, and Africa.
Answer: A
Assertion (A): European colonisation of the Americas created new economic linkages.
Reason (R): Precious metals, crops, and resources were exported to Europe.
Answer: A
Assertion (A): The Industrial Revolution in Britain increased the demand for raw cotton from the USA.
Reason (R): The southern USA grew cotton using slave labour.
Answer: A
Assertion (A): The British promoted Indian textile exports in the 19th century.
Reason (R): They wanted to compete with machine-made goods from Manchester.
Answer: C
Assertion (A): The US emerged as the largest industrial power by the early 20th century.
Reason (R): It had abundant resources, large markets, and advanced technology.
Answer: A
Assertion (A): The First World War boosted economic growth in Europe.
Reason (R): It destroyed infrastructure and created massive debts.
Answer: C
Assertion (A): Many European countries relied on US loans after World War I.
Reason (R): These loans helped them rebuild their economies.
Answer: A
Assertion (A): The Gold Standard fixed the value of each currency in terms of gold.
Reason (R): This made exchange rates stable for international trade.
Answer: A
Assertion (A): During the Great Depression, protectionist policies worsened the crisis.
Reason (R): Countries imposed high tariffs, reducing world trade.
Answer: A
Assertion (A): Japan remained unaffected by the Great Depression.
Reason (R): Its economy was isolated from the rest of the world.
Answer: D
Assertion (A): The US economy recovered quickly after the Great Depression without government intervention.
Reason (R): The New Deal policies played no role in recovery.
Answer: D
Assertion (A): The post-war boom was partly due to the reconstruction of war-torn economies.
Reason (R): The Bretton Woods system facilitated trade and investment.
Answer: A
Assertion (A): The post-war world economy grew faster than in any previous period.
Reason (R): Technological innovations and international cooperation boosted growth.
Answer: A
Assertion (A): Decolonisation led to the emergence of many new nations after World War II.
Reason (R): Colonial powers were weakened economically and politically.
Answer: A
Assertion (A): Oil crises in the 1970s slowed down global economic growth.
Reason (R): Rising oil prices increased production costs worldwide.
Answer: A
Assertion (A): Globalisation after the 1970s was driven mainly by information technology.
Reason (R): Advances in computers and communication reduced costs of global business.
Answer: A
Assertion (A): Many developing countries faced debt crises in the 1980s.
Reason (R): They had borrowed heavily during the 1970s oil boom.
Answer: A
Assertion (A): Economic reforms in India in 1991 promoted liberalisation and privatisation.
Reason (R): The reforms aimed to integrate India into the global economy.
Answer: A
Assertion (A): The term ‘Silk Routes’ refers only to overland trade routes in Asia.
Reason (R): Maritime Silk Routes also existed connecting ports across the Indian Ocean.
Answer: C
Assertion (A): The movement of people, goods, and ideas has linked the world for centuries.
Reason (R): Globalisation is a recent phenomenon of the late 20th century only.
Answer: C

True or False

The Silk Routes are named so because they were used to transport silk only.
Answer: False
Food travels also led to cultural exchanges between different societies.
Answer: True
Potatoes were introduced into Europe from Africa.
Answer: False
The Irish Potato Famine in the mid-19th century was caused by a disease affecting potato crops.
Answer: True
The discovery of sea routes to Asia and America in the 16th century connected the Old World and the New World.
Answer: True
Smallpox was introduced into Europe from America.
Answer: False
Rinderpest was a cattle disease that affected Africa in the late 19th century.
Answer: True
The Industrial Revolution began in Japan.
Answer: False
Britain was the world’s leading industrial nation in the 19th century.
Answer: True
Indian textiles had a large market in Europe before the Industrial Revolution.
Answer: True
The Corn Laws in Britain were designed to protect domestic wheat producers from foreign competition.
Answer: True
The Corn Laws were repealed to allow free trade in grains.
Answer: True
Global agricultural prices fell sharply in the 1930s during the Great Depression.
Answer: True
The Great Depression began in India.
Answer: False
The First World War created new economic and political conditions worldwide.
Answer: True
The First World War led to a boom in Indian industrial production.
Answer: True
The United States emerged as a debtor nation after the First World War.
Answer: False
The Great Depression of 1929 began in the United States.
Answer: True
The Bretton Woods Conference took place in 1944.
Answer: True
The IMF stands for International Monetary Federation.
Answer: False
The World Bank was initially known as the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
Answer: True
Under the Bretton Woods system, the US dollar was linked to gold.
Answer: True
Decolonisation began after the Second World War.
Answer: True
The NIEO demanded a fairer international economic order for developed countries.
Answer: False
The NIEO demanded control over natural resources by developing countries.
Answer: True
MNCs are multinational corporations.
Answer: True
The Silk Routes connected Asia with Europe and Africa.
Answer: True
Potatoes, maize, and tomatoes were introduced into Europe from the Americas.
Answer: True
The discovery of the sea route to America was made by Vasco da Gama.
Answer: False
Rinderpest spread in Africa through imported cattle from Asia.
Answer: True
The Industrial Revolution reduced the demand for raw cotton.
Answer: False
The British textile industry grew rapidly after mechanisation.
Answer: True
The First World War lasted from 1914 to 1919.
Answer: False
The US became the largest international lender after the First World War.
Answer: True
The Great Depression affected only the United States.
Answer: False
The Great Depression caused a collapse in world trade.
Answer: True
The Bretton Woods system collapsed in 1971.
Answer: True
The IMF was set up to finance post-war reconstruction in Europe.
Answer: False
Decolonisation led to the creation of many new nations in Asia and Africa.
Answer: True
MNCs often set up production in countries with cheap labour.
Answer: True
The Silk Routes existed only during the medieval period.
Answer: False
Globalisation has led to increased interdependence among countries.
Answer: True
Indian cotton textiles dominated the European market in the 18th century.
Answer: True
The Corn Laws restricted imports of grain into Britain.
Answer: True
Free trade in agriculture was introduced in Britain after the Corn Laws were passed.
Answer: False
The First World War was fought mainly in Asia.
Answer: False
The Great Depression reduced agricultural incomes worldwide.
Answer: True
Bretton Woods institutions aimed to promote stability in the global economy.
Answer: True
The NIEO proposal was supported mainly by developed countries.
Answer: False
Globalisation in the 20th century was influenced by technological advances in transport and communication.
Answer: True

Long Answer Questions

Question: Explain the role of silk routes in linking the distant parts of the world in pre-modern times.
Answer: The silk routes were ancient trade routes that connected Asia, Europe, and Africa, facilitating the exchange of goods like silk, spices, and precious metals, as well as ideas, cultures, and religions. They enabled economic and cultural interaction between distant societies, influencing cuisines, clothing styles, and artistic traditions across continents.
Question: How did food travel from one part of the world to another in the pre-modern world?
Answer: Food often traveled through traders, travelers, and migrants, with crops like potatoes, maize, and chillies spreading across continents after their discovery. For example, potatoes from the Americas reached Europe via Spanish traders, revolutionizing European agriculture and diets.
Question: What impact did the discovery of sea routes to Asia have on global trade?
Answer: The discovery of sea routes to Asia by explorers like Vasco da Gama shifted global trade patterns from overland to maritime routes. This allowed Europeans to directly access Asian spices and luxury goods, bypassing intermediaries and leading to increased European control over global trade.
Question: Describe the effect of the conquest of America on the world economy.
Answer: The conquest of America by European powers resulted in the extraction of vast quantities of precious metals like silver and gold, which were shipped to Europe. This influx of wealth boosted European economies, expanded global trade networks, and introduced new crops and resources to the Old World.
Question: How did the Industrial Revolution lead to the formation of a global agricultural economy?
Answer: The Industrial Revolution created a massive demand for raw materials such as cotton, sugar, and wheat, which were sourced from colonies and agricultural regions worldwide. This led to the development of export-oriented farming, integration of rural economies into global markets, and increased interdependence between countries.
Question: Why was the demand for labour in agricultural regions high during the 19th century?
Answer: The expansion of plantation agriculture and mining in colonies required a large labour force. This demand was met through the migration of workers from Asia and Africa, often under conditions of indentured labour, where workers signed contracts to work for a fixed period in exchange for passage and wages.
Question: What was the role of indentured labour in the 19th-century global economy?
Answer: Indentured labourers, mainly from India and China, were transported to work on plantations, mines, and construction projects in colonies such as Mauritius, Fiji, and the Caribbean. They played a vital role in supplying cheap labour, which sustained colonial economies and global trade networks.
Question: Explain the Great Depression of the 1930s and its global impact.
Answer: The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic crisis beginning in 1929, triggered by the collapse of the US stock market. It led to massive unemployment, a decline in industrial production, and a breakdown in international trade, affecting both developed and developing nations.
Question: How did the First World War transform the global economy?
Answer: The First World War disrupted trade, destroyed infrastructure, and shifted global economic power towards the United States, which emerged as a major creditor nation. The war also accelerated technological advancements, boosted industries related to war production, and left many European economies in debt.
Question: Describe the role of technology in promoting global integration during the 19th century.
Answer: Technological innovations like the steamship, telegraph, and railways significantly reduced transport and communication time, enabling faster movement of goods, people, and ideas across continents. This fostered global trade, migration, and economic interdependence.

Explain how the ‘Great Depression’ impacted agricultural economies of Asia and Africa.
Answer: The Great Depression of the 1930s severely impacted agricultural economies in Asia and Africa, which were mainly dependent on the export of primary products such as wheat, rice, jute, cotton, coffee, and rubber. As global demand collapsed, prices of these commodities fell sharply. Farmers were unable to cover the cost of production, leading to widespread poverty and indebtedness. Colonial governments, focused on maintaining revenue, did not reduce taxes, worsening the crisis. This caused a severe economic downturn in rural areas, food insecurity, and increased political unrest.

Describe the role of the Silk Routes in the pre-modern world.
Answer: The Silk Routes were ancient trade networks connecting Asia, Europe, and Africa. They facilitated the exchange of goods such as silk, spices, porcelain, gold, and precious stones, as well as ideas, cultures, and technologies. They also played a significant role in spreading religions like Buddhism and Islam. These routes were crucial for economic and cultural integration across continents, making them early precursors of globalization.

How did European conquest of the Americas affect the world economy?
Answer: The European conquest of the Americas had a profound impact on the world economy. Large quantities of precious metals, especially silver, were extracted from mines in Peru and Mexico and shipped to Europe and Asia, boosting global trade. The introduction of new crops like potatoes, maize, and tomatoes improved diets and agricultural productivity worldwide. However, it also led to the destruction of indigenous civilizations, forced labor systems like encomienda, and the beginning of the transatlantic slave trade.

Explain the triangular slave trade system.
Answer: The triangular slave trade was a three-stage trading system connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas. European ships carried manufactured goods to Africa, where they were exchanged for enslaved Africans. These slaves were transported to the Americas under inhumane conditions (Middle Passage) to work on plantations producing sugar, tobacco, and cotton. These raw materials were then shipped back to Europe, completing the triangle. This system was central to the growth of European capitalism.

What was the Corn Laws controversy in Britain?
Answer: The Corn Laws were British tariffs and restrictions on imported grain, designed to protect domestic producers. They kept grain prices high, benefiting landowners but hurting urban consumers. Industrialists and workers demanded their repeal to lower food prices and increase demand for manufactured goods. The laws were finally repealed in 1846, marking a shift towards free trade policies in Britain, which sought cheap imports to feed its industrial workforce.

Describe the spread of industrialization outside Europe in the 19th century.
Answer: Industrialization spread beyond Europe during the 19th century to countries like the USA, Japan, and Russia. The USA became a leading industrial power due to abundant natural resources, immigration, and innovation. Japan rapidly industrialized after the Meiji Restoration by adopting Western technology. Russia’s industrial growth was state-led, focusing on heavy industries like railways. However, many regions in Asia, Africa, and Latin America remained suppliers of raw materials under colonial control.

How did Britain’s industrial growth affect India in the 19th century?
Answer: Britain’s industrial growth devastated India’s traditional industries, especially textiles. Machine-made goods from Britain flooded the Indian market, displacing handloom weavers. India was turned into a supplier of raw materials like cotton and jute for British factories. The colonial government imposed policies favoring British imports while neglecting Indian industrialization. This resulted in deindustrialization, unemployment, and increased dependence on agriculture.

Explain the economic impact of the First World War on Europe.
Answer: The First World War caused massive economic destruction in Europe. Countries incurred huge debts to finance the war, leading to inflation. Industries and infrastructure were destroyed, and millions of soldiers were killed or disabled. Agricultural production declined, creating food shortages. After the war, Europe’s dominance in the global economy weakened, allowing countries like the USA and Japan to emerge as new economic powers.

How did the First World War transform the global political and economic landscape?
Answer: The First World War led to the collapse of empires like Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, Russian, and German, resulting in new nation-states in Europe and the Middle East. Economically, it shifted global power from Europe to the USA and Japan. The League of Nations was formed to prevent future wars, though it failed in the long run. War debts, reparations, and economic instability set the stage for the Great Depression.

What were the main causes of the Great Depression of 1929?
Answer: The Great Depression was triggered by the Wall Street Crash of 1929, but underlying causes included overproduction in agriculture and industry, unequal wealth distribution, excessive speculation in stock markets, and weak banking systems. International trade declined due to protectionist policies like the US Smoot-Hawley Tariff. The global economy, already weakened by post-war instability, collapsed, leading to mass unemployment and deflation.

Discuss the impact of the Great Depression on the USA.
Answer: In the USA, the Great Depression caused widespread unemployment, with nearly 25% of the workforce jobless. Industrial production fell sharply, banks collapsed, and farmers lost their land due to debt. Social consequences included homelessness, poverty, and migration in search of work. The crisis prompted government intervention under President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal, which introduced economic reforms, public works programs, and social security.

How did India experience the Great Depression?
Answer: India, being part of the British colonial economy, was deeply affected. Agricultural prices collapsed, reducing farmers’ incomes drastically. Land revenue demands remained high, forcing peasants into debt and distress sales of land. Export crops like jute suffered as international demand fell. Industrial output slowed, and unemployment rose. The crisis intensified nationalist demands for economic self-reliance and freedom from colonial exploitation.

Explain the concept of the Bretton Woods system.
Answer: The Bretton Woods system was established in 1944 to regulate international monetary and financial relations after World War II. It created the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. Currencies were pegged to the US dollar, which was convertible into gold at a fixed rate. This system aimed to ensure exchange rate stability, promote global trade, and rebuild war-torn economies. It lasted until 1971 when the US abandoned the gold standard.

How did the Second World War impact the global economy?
Answer: The Second World War caused enormous destruction, killing millions and devastating infrastructure. Many European economies were bankrupt, shifting global economic leadership to the USA. Post-war reconstruction was supported by the Marshall Plan in Europe and similar programs in Japan. Decolonization accelerated, creating new nations that sought development aid. The Bretton Woods system provided a framework for global economic cooperation.

Describe the process of decolonization after World War II.
Answer: Decolonization was driven by nationalist movements, the weakened state of colonial powers after the war, and changing international attitudes. Countries in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East gained independence through negotiations or armed struggle. The emergence of the USA and USSR as superpowers also supported anti-colonial struggles, though often influenced by Cold War politics. Newly independent nations faced challenges of nation-building and economic development.

Explain the role of international migration in the 19th century in shaping economies and societies.
Answer: International migration in the 19th century was driven by industrialisation, agricultural changes, and colonial expansion. Millions migrated from Europe to the Americas, Australia, and Africa in search of work, land, and better living standards. Colonies also saw large-scale migration of indentured labourers from India, China, and other Asian countries to work on plantations, mines, and infrastructure projects. This movement brought cultural exchanges, demographic changes, and new social structures, while also leading to racial discrimination and labour exploitation in many regions.
Discuss the impact of the Great Depression on the Indian economy.
Answer: The Great Depression severely affected India, a British colony at the time, due to its dependence on agricultural exports like jute, wheat, and cotton. Falling international prices led to reduced incomes for Indian farmers, causing rural indebtedness and poverty. Farmers were forced to sell produce at very low prices, while taxes and rents remained high. Demand for manufactured goods fell, affecting industries and leading to unemployment. The economic distress also intensified nationalist movements, as people demanded economic self-reliance and freedom from colonial exploitation.
How did the Bretton Woods system shape post-war international trade?
Answer: The Bretton Woods system, established in 1944, created fixed exchange rates pegged to the US dollar, which was linked to gold. This stability encouraged trade and investment between countries. Institutions like the IMF and the World Bank were set up to provide financial assistance and promote economic development. The system aimed to avoid the economic instability that had contributed to the Great Depression and foster post-war reconstruction. It resulted in two decades of unprecedented global economic growth, often called the “Golden Age of Capitalism,” before collapsing in the 1970s.
Describe the key features of the indentured labour system in the 19th century.
Answer: The indentured labour system involved contractual agreements where labourers agreed to work for a fixed number of years, often five, in return for passage to distant colonies and basic wages. Most labourers were from India, China, and other Asian countries, sent to work on plantations, railways, and mines in the Caribbean, Africa, and Southeast Asia. Although it was presented as a voluntary arrangement, in reality, many workers were tricked or coerced, and conditions were harsh. The system created diasporic communities and contributed to cultural exchanges but also involved exploitation and abuse.
How did the transport revolution facilitate the making of a global world?
Answer: The transport revolution, marked by the expansion of railways, steamships, and canals like the Suez Canal, drastically reduced travel time and costs in the 19th and early 20th centuries. It allowed faster movement of goods, raw materials, and people across continents, enabling global trade on an unprecedented scale. Perishable goods like meat and dairy could be shipped over long distances using refrigerated ships, opening new markets. Migration increased as travel became more affordable, and global connections strengthened, helping integrate distant economies into a single world market.
Explain the connection between food availability and population growth in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Answer: In the 18th and 19th centuries, improved agricultural techniques, the Columbian Exchange, and the introduction of new crops like potatoes and maize from the Americas boosted food production in Europe and Asia. This led to better nutrition, lower mortality rates, and significant population growth. As populations increased, labour supply also expanded, supporting industrialisation. However, in colonies, agricultural changes often prioritised export crops over local food production, leading to famines despite global surpluses.
How did the First World War alter the balance of economic power?
Answer: The First World War shifted economic power from Europe to the United States. European countries, heavily indebted from war expenses, saw their global dominance weaken. The US emerged as the leading industrial and financial power, lending money to war-torn countries and becoming the primary source of manufactured goods. Many colonies also began to industrialise to meet wartime needs, which later contributed to their economic self-assertion. The war also disrupted global trade networks and created long-term economic instability in Europe.
Describe the impact of colonial trade policies on India’s economy in the 19th century.
Answer: Colonial trade policies in India prioritised the export of raw materials like cotton, jute, and indigo to Britain and the import of British manufactured goods. This led to the decline of traditional Indian industries, particularly textiles, which could not compete with machine-made imports. The economy became dependent on agriculture, with farmers vulnerable to global price fluctuations. India’s role as a supplier of raw materials and a market for British goods limited its industrial growth, leading to economic stagnation and poverty.
What were the causes and consequences of the 19th-century famine in Ireland?
Answer: The Irish famine (1845–1849) was caused by potato blight, which destroyed the staple food crop. Over-reliance on potatoes, combined with British policies prioritising food exports, worsened the crisis. The famine led to the deaths of about a million people and mass emigration to the United States and other countries. Social and political tensions in Ireland intensified, contributing to anti-British sentiment and demands for independence.
How did technological advancements change the global meat trade?
Answer: Technological advancements like refrigeration and steamships transformed the global meat trade in the late 19th century. Meat could be transported from producing regions like Australia, New Zealand, and Argentina to Europe without spoiling. This reduced prices and made meat affordable to working-class families, improving nutrition. It also stimulated livestock farming in exporting countries and integrated distant agricultural economies into the global market.
Discuss the effects of the collapse of the Bretton Woods system.
Answer: The Bretton Woods system collapsed in 1971 when the US suspended the dollar’s convertibility to gold. This led to the adoption of floating exchange rates, creating greater currency volatility. While it allowed countries more flexibility in monetary policy, it also increased risks in international trade and finance. Globalisation continued, but with more financial instability, leading to periodic crises in developing countries and the rise of global capital markets.
Explain the role of multinational corporations (MNCs) in the post-1970s global economy.
Answer: After the 1970s, MNCs expanded rapidly, driven by advances in communication, transport, and liberalised trade policies. They set up production networks across multiple countries, taking advantage of lower labour costs and local resources. MNCs played a key role in integrating developing economies into global markets but also faced criticism for exploiting workers, influencing local politics, and creating economic dependence on foreign investment.
How did World War I affect agriculture in Europe?
Answer: World War I disrupted agricultural production in Europe due to the mobilisation of male labour, destruction of farmland, and prioritisation of military needs. Food shortages were common, leading to rationing and malnutrition. The war also boosted agriculture in countries like the US, Canada, and Australia, which supplied food to Europe. After the war, European farmers faced falling prices due to overproduction and reduced demand, contributing to rural economic distress.
What was the impact of the Great Depression on industrialised countries?
Answer: The Great Depression led to massive unemployment, factory closures, and reduced production in industrialised countries. International trade collapsed, and protectionist policies like tariffs worsened the crisis. Social unrest increased, with protests and strikes demanding relief measures. In some countries, the economic hardship contributed to the rise of authoritarian regimes, as seen in Germany and Italy.
How did India’s participation in World War I affect its freedom movement?
Answer: India contributed troops, resources, and finances to World War I, expecting political concessions from Britain in return. However, post-war policies like the Rowlatt Act and repressive measures disappointed Indians. Economic hardship caused by wartime inflation and shortages also fuelled discontent. The disillusionment strengthened nationalist movements, leading to Gandhi’s Non-Cooperation Movement in the early 1920s.
Describe the impact of the 19th-century opium trade on China.
Answer: The opium trade, dominated by British merchants, led to widespread addiction in China and drained its silver reserves. When the Qing government tried to ban opium, Britain waged the Opium Wars (1839–1842, 1856–1860), forcing China to open its ports to foreign trade and cede territory like Hong Kong. This marked the beginning of China’s “century of humiliation” and increased foreign influence in its economy.
How did colonialism shape modern globalisation?
Answer: Colonialism established global trade routes, integrated economies, and spread European political, legal, and cultural systems worldwide. Colonies supplied raw materials, served as markets for industrial goods, and provided cheap labour. While this integration laid the foundations for modern globalisation, it also created structural inequalities, economic dependence, and political subjugation that persist in some forms today.
What role did the IMF and World Bank play in post-war reconstruction?
Answer: The IMF was established to maintain exchange rate stability and provide short-term financial assistance, while the World Bank focused on long-term development and reconstruction projects. Together, they helped rebuild war-torn economies, supported infrastructure projects, and facilitated international trade. However, their policies sometimes faced criticism for favouring developed countries and imposing conditions on developing nations.
How did technological change in the late 20th century accelerate globalisation?
Answer: Advances in telecommunications, computing, and transport made global communication and logistics faster and cheaper. The internet revolutionised information exchange, enabling e-commerce and global financial markets. Container shipping reduced costs and increased efficiency in goods transport. These innovations allowed businesses to operate and compete internationally, fuelling the rapid expansion of global trade and investment.
What were the main consequences of the 19th-century colonial plantation system?
Answer: The plantation system focused on the large-scale cultivation of cash crops like sugar, coffee, and cotton, often using enslaved or indentured labour. It boosted colonial profits and integrated tropical regions into global markets but caused deforestation, environmental degradation, and the displacement of local communities. Labourers faced harsh conditions, and local economies became dependent on a single export crop, making them vulnerable to market fluctuations.
How did global trade in the pre-modern world differ from the modern era?
Answer: In the pre-modern world, trade networks were regional, limited by slow transport and communication, and focused on luxury goods for elites. Modern global trade, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, involves mass-produced goods, faster transport, larger volumes, and integration of national economies into a single world market. The scale, speed, and range of goods traded have expanded enormously.
Discuss the significance of the Suez Canal in global trade.
Answer: Completed in 1869, the Suez Canal linked the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, significantly reducing the sea route between Europe and Asia. It facilitated faster and cheaper trade, boosted European colonial expansion in Asia and Africa, and became a vital route for transporting oil and other goods. Control of the canal was strategically important, leading to international conflicts over its ownership and operation.
How did the Industrial Revolution contribute to imperialism?
Answer: The Industrial Revolution increased demand for raw materials, markets for manufactured goods, and investment opportunities. European powers expanded their colonies to secure resources like cotton, coal, and rubber, and to sell their products. Technological advancements like steamships and railways enabled deeper penetration into colonial territories, consolidating imperial control.
What was the role of Indian cotton in the global textile trade?
Answer: Indian cotton was a major export in the 18th and early 19th centuries, valued for its quality and affordability. However, British industrialisation and tariffs reduced India’s textile exports, and India became a supplier of raw cotton for British mills. This shift weakened India’s traditional textile industry and made it dependent on agricultural exports, with long-term economic consequences.
Explain the relationship between globalisation and inequality.
Answer: Globalisation has increased wealth, trade, and cultural exchange, but its benefits are unevenly distributed. Developed countries and skilled workers often gain the most, while poorer nations and unskilled labourers face exploitation, job displacement, and wage stagnation. Historical inequalities from colonialism persist, and without policies to address them, globalisation can widen the gap between rich and poor nations.

Give Reasons

Give reason: The silk routes are considered important in history.
Answer: They connected distant parts of the world, enabling trade, cultural exchange, and the spread of ideas and goods like silk, spices, and precious metals.
Give reason: The 19th century is called the age of global integration.
Answer: Due to industrialization, improved transport, communication, and the expansion of trade networks that connected different parts of the world.
Give reason: Precious metals like gold and silver moved between continents in the pre-modern world.
Answer: They were used to pay for Asian goods like spices and silk, leading to large-scale intercontinental trade.
Give reason: Europeans were attracted to Asian goods.
Answer: Asian goods like silk, porcelain, and spices were considered luxurious, exotic, and of high quality.
Give reason: The Portuguese and Spanish undertook sea voyages in the 15th century.
Answer: They sought new trade routes to Asia to avoid Ottoman-controlled land routes and gain direct access to spices and goods.
Give reason: America was colonized by Europeans.
Answer: Europeans sought land, resources, and wealth, especially after discovering crops like potatoes and maize.
Give reason: Food crops like potato and maize were introduced in Europe.
Answer: They were brought from the Americas after the voyages of Columbus and became staples in Europe.
Give reason: The population of Europe increased in the 18th century.
Answer: Introduction of new crops like potatoes improved nutrition and reduced famine.
Give reason: The 19th century saw increased migration.
Answer: People moved in search of work, better living conditions, and due to colonization and indentured labour systems.
Give reason: Indentured labourers migrated from India to other countries.
Answer: They were recruited to work on plantations, mines, and railways under long-term contracts.
Give reason: Indian indentured labourers faced harsh conditions.
Answer: They were overworked, underpaid, and lived in poor conditions under strict contracts.
Give reason: Britain became the ‘workshop of the world’ in the 19th century.
Answer: Industrialization allowed mass production of goods which were exported globally.
Give reason: Britain’s industrial growth hurt Indian handloom weavers.
Answer: Cheap machine-made textiles from Britain flooded Indian markets, reducing demand for handmade cloth.
Give reason: Britain promoted free trade in the 19th century.
Answer: To ensure its manufactured goods could access global markets without restrictions.
Give reason: Colonies were important for European powers.
Answer: They provided raw materials, markets for goods, and strategic advantages.
Give reason: The British introduced the railways in India.
Answer: To facilitate movement of goods and raw materials to ports for export.
Give reason: Opium was grown in India for export to China.
Answer: Britain used opium trade to balance its trade deficit with China caused by tea imports.
Give reason: The First World War was called the first modern industrial war.
Answer: It used industrial weaponry, large-scale mobilization, and affected economies worldwide.
Give reason: The First World War caused economic instability.
Answer: It disrupted trade, drained resources, and left many countries in debt.
Give reason: Britain faced huge debts after the First World War.
Answer: War expenses were financed by loans from the USA and through heavy spending.
Give reason: The USA emerged economically strong after the First World War.
Answer: It was a major lender to other countries and its industries grew during the war.
Give reason: The Great Depression affected world trade.
Answer: Decline in production and demand led to a collapse of international markets.
Give reason: Agricultural prices fell during the Great Depression.
Answer: Overproduction and reduced demand caused sharp price drops.
Give reason: Farmers suffered during the Great Depression.
Answer: Falling prices made it difficult to cover costs, leading to debt and bankruptcy.
Give reason: The Great Depression spread from the USA to the world.
Answer: Due to global financial linkages and dependency on US loans and trade.
Give reason: Countries adopted protectionist policies during the Great Depression.
Answer: To protect domestic industries from foreign competition by imposing tariffs.
Give reason: Japan expanded into East Asia in the early 20th century.
Answer: To secure resources and markets for its growing industries.
Give reason: Germany faced severe economic crisis after the First World War.
Answer: Due to reparations imposed by the Treaty of Versailles and economic instability.
Give reason: The Bretton Woods Conference was held in 1944.
Answer: To set up a framework for post-war economic stability and cooperation.
Give reason: IMF and World Bank were established.
Answer: To promote global monetary stability, development, and reconstruction.
Give reason: The US dollar became the principal currency after the Second World War.
Answer: Because the USA had the largest gold reserves and economic dominance.
Give reason: Fixed exchange rates were introduced after the Second World War.
Answer: To promote global trade by ensuring currency stability.
Give reason: Decolonization occurred after the Second World War.
Answer: European powers weakened economically and politically, leading colonies to demand independence.
Give reason: Newly independent countries needed financial assistance.
Answer: They lacked infrastructure and resources for economic development.
Give reason: The Bretton Woods system collapsed in the early 1970s.
Answer: The US abandoned the gold standard, leading to floating exchange rates.
Give reason: Developing countries faced debt crises in the late 20th century.
Answer: They borrowed heavily for development but could not repay due to economic downturns.
Give reason: MNCs grew rapidly in the late 20th century.
Answer: Globalization, liberalization, and technological advances encouraged cross-border investment.
Give reason: Advances in technology boosted globalization.
Answer: Faster communication, transport, and production connected markets worldwide.
Give reason: Containerization changed world trade.
Answer: Standardized containers reduced shipping costs and improved efficiency.
Give reason: Liberalization policies were adopted in India in 1991.
Answer: To overcome economic crisis by encouraging private investment and foreign trade.
Give reason: Outsourcing grew in the 21st century.
Answer: Companies reduced costs by hiring labour in countries with cheaper wages.
Give reason: Globalization has cultural impacts.
Answer: It leads to the spread and blending of cultures through media, travel, and trade.
Give reason: Globalization creates economic interdependence.
Answer: Countries rely on each other for resources, markets, and investments.
Give reason: Globalization has increased competition.
Answer: Companies from different countries compete in the same markets.
Give reason: Some groups oppose globalization.
Answer: Due to concerns about inequality, loss of jobs, and cultural erosion.
Give reason: The silk routes declined in importance after the 16th century.
Answer: Sea routes developed by Europeans became faster and safer for trade.
Give reason: Cotton from India was exported to Britain in the 18th century.
Answer: It was a key raw material for Britain’s textile industry.
Give reason: The American Civil War affected world cotton trade.
Answer: Cotton supplies from the USA stopped, increasing demand for Indian cotton.
Give reason: The opening of the Suez Canal was significant.
Answer: It reduced travel time between Europe and Asia, boosting trade.
Give reason: The Second World War disrupted global economy.
Answer: It destroyed infrastructure, reduced production, and shifted trade patterns.

Arrange the Words

Case Studies

Case Study:
Read the following and answer:
A movement started in 1885 that aimed to bring together educated Indians to discuss political reforms and gain greater participation in governance. This organization held annual sessions in different cities and became a key platform for nationalist leaders.
Question: Name the organization and its first President.
Answer: Indian National Congress; W.C. Bonnerjee

Case Study:
In 1905, Lord Curzon decided to divide a large province in India on the pretext of administrative convenience. However, the real motive was to weaken the growing nationalism by creating religious divisions.
Question: Name the province and the policy this decision led to.
Answer: Bengal; Swadeshi and Boycott Movement

Case Study:
A moderate leader known as the ‘Grand Old Man of India’ played a major role in demanding reforms through petitions and meetings. He believed in constitutional methods and opposed violent methods.
Question: Name the leader.
Answer: Dadabhai Naoroji

Case Study:
In 1907, a session of the Congress at Surat ended in a split between two factions—one advocating peaceful constitutional methods, and the other favoring more assertive approaches.
Question: Name the two factions.
Answer: Moderates and Extremists

Case Study:
A secret society was formed in Maharashtra to promote armed revolution. One of its members, Khudiram Bose, was hanged for his role in revolutionary activities.
Question: Name the society.
Answer: Anushilan Samiti

Case Study:
In 1906, a separate political party was formed in India to represent the interests of a particular religious community, with the encouragement of the British government.
Question: Name the party.
Answer: All India Muslim League

Case Study:
In 1893, this leader delivered a famous speech in Chicago at the World’s Parliament of Religions, winning admiration for India’s spiritual heritage.
Question: Name the leader.
Answer: Swami Vivekananda

Case Study:
In 1895, Bal Gangadhar Tilak started a public celebration to unite people and inspire nationalism through cultural revival.
Question: Name the festival.
Answer: Ganesh Festival (Ganesh Utsav)

Case Study:
This British official’s report in the late 19th century admitted that a large portion of India’s wealth was being drained to Britain without adequate return.
Question: Name the official and the theory.
Answer: Dadabhai Naoroji; Drain of Wealth Theory

Case Study:
The Extremist leaders were known for their slogan demanding immediate self-government, which was inspired by an Irish nationalist slogan.
Question: What was the slogan?
Answer: “Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it.”

Case Study:
In 1908, this extremist leader was arrested for writing articles in his newspaper ‘Kesari’ criticizing British rule.
Question: Name the leader.
Answer: Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Case Study:
A nationalist leader from Punjab, known for his fiery speeches, was deported to Mandalay by the British in 1907.
Question: Name the leader.
Answer: Lala Lajpat Rai

Case Study:
In 1905, the movement that promoted the use of Indian-made goods and the boycott of British goods spread across the country.
Question: Name the movement.
Answer: Swadeshi and Boycott Movement

Case Study:
This leader, popularly known as ‘Deshbandhu’, played a vital role in the anti-partition movement and was arrested for his speeches.
Question: Name the leader.
Answer: Chittaranjan Das

Case Study:
The song ‘Vande Mataram’ inspired nationalists during the Swadeshi Movement and was part of a novel.
Question: Name the novel and the author.
Answer: Anandamath; Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay

Case Study:
A secret revolutionary society in Bengal planned armed uprisings and targeted British officials to inspire the youth.
Question: Name one such society.
Answer: Jugantar

Case Study:
This nationalist leader compiled Gita Rahasya while imprisoned in Mandalay.
Question: Name the leader.
Answer: Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Case Study:
This method of struggle involved educating the public, passing resolutions, sending petitions, and holding meetings, avoiding confrontation with the British.
Question: Name the method and the group that used it.
Answer: Constitutional agitation; Moderates

Case Study:
The policy of ‘Divide and Rule’ was used by the British to weaken the unity between Hindus and Muslims, especially after the formation of a separate political party in 1906.
Question: Name the party.
Answer: All India Muslim League

Case Study:
A triangular leadership emerged in the early 20th century comprising three nationalist leaders from three different provinces—known together by a nickname.
Question: Name the three leaders and their collective name.
Answer: Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai; Lal-Bal-Pal

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