CBSE

Questions & Answers

CBSE - Grade - 10

Subject: History

Chapter - 01 - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Types of Questions

MCQ
Fill in the Blanks
Name the following
Answer in one word
Find the Odd man out
Assertion & Reason
Match the Pair
True or False
Short Answer Questions
Long Answer Questions
Give Reasons
Puzzles
Arrange the Words*
Case Study
Difference Between
Numericals (for certain subjects only)

MCQ

Who visualized a world made up of democratic and social republics in 1848?
a) Otto von Bismarck
b) Giuseppe Mazzini
c) Frédéric Sorrieu
d) Metternich
Answer: c) Frédéric Sorrieu
What did Frédéric Sorrieu’s first print depict?
a) Congress of Vienna
b) March of nations towards Liberty
c) Unification of Italy
d) French monarchy
Answer: b) March of nations towards Liberty
Which of the following was NOT a feature of nation-states?
a) Common culture
b) Centralized power
c) Hereditary monarchy
d) Common history
Answer: c) Hereditary monarchy
What does “absolutist” refer to?
a) Religious movement
b) Form of monarchy with unrestricted power
c) Political theory of communism
d) Democratic government
Answer: b) Form of monarchy with unrestricted power
What is a plebiscite?
a) Military rule
b) Parliamentary law
c) Vote by the people
d) Speech by a king
Answer: c) Vote by the people
Which country carried the tricolour in Sorrieu’s painting?
a) Germany
b) France
c) Austria
d) Poland
Answer: b) France
The Napoleonic Code was introduced in which year?
a) 1815
b) 1799
c) 1804
d) 1830
Answer: c) 1804
Which of the following reforms was NOT part of the Napoleonic Code?
a) Abolished feudal privileges
b) Equal law for all
c) Right to property
d) Freedom of press
Answer: d) Freedom of press
Who was Ernst Renan?
a) German revolutionary
b) French philosopher
c) Austrian diplomat
d) Polish musician
Answer: b) French philosopher
What did Ernst Renan argue for?
a) Linguistic unity
b) Military expansion
c) Collective past and will
d) Monarchical rule
Answer: c) Collective past and will
What were la patrie and le citoyen meant to emphasize?
a) Royal rule
b) Divine rights
c) United community
d) Religious authority
Answer: c) United community
The idea of nationalism spread through which club in Europe?
a) Freemasons
b) Democratic Union
c) Jacobin Clubs
d) Zionists
Answer: c) Jacobin Clubs
What was the main objective of the Congress of Vienna (1815)?
a) Unification of Italy
b) Formation of EU
c) Restoration of monarchies
d) Spread of nationalism
Answer: c) Restoration of monarchies
Who hosted the Vienna Congress?
a) Lord Byron
b) Friedrich List
c) Duke Metternich
d) Giuseppe Garibaldi
Answer: c) Duke Metternich
Which class dominated European society socially and politically?
a) Peasants
b) Clergy
c) Landed aristocracy
d) Industrial workers
Answer: c) Landed aristocracy
What did ‘liberalism’ stand for in 19th-century Europe?
a) Rule by priests
b) Autocratic rule
c) Freedom and equality before law
d) Religious unity
Answer: c) Freedom and equality before law
What is suffrage?
a) Tax collection
b) Right to own property
c) Right to vote
d) Right to education
Answer: c) Right to vote
Which union was formed to remove trade barriers in Germany?
a) NATO
b) Zollverein
c) UN
d) Jacobin
Answer: b) Zollverein
Who said the Zollverein would bind Germans into an economic nation?
a) Otto von Bismarck
b) Friedrich List
c) Metternich
d) Garibaldi
Answer: b) Friedrich List
Giuseppe Mazzini was associated with which secret society?
a) Freemasons
b) Jacobin
c) Young Italy
d) Bolsheviks
Answer: c) Young Italy
Which year did revolutions break out across Europe?
a) 1789
b) 1848
c) 1815
d) 1866
Answer: b) 1848
What did the Frankfurt Parliament aim to achieve?
a) Religious unity
b) German unification
c) Colonisation
d) World peace
Answer: b) German unification
Who was offered the crown of a united Germany by the Frankfurt Parliament?
a) Garibaldi
b) Victor Emmanuel II
c) Friedrich Wilhelm IV
d) Otto von Bismarck
Answer: c) Friedrich Wilhelm IV
Who led the unification of Germany?
a) Metternich
b) Napoleon
c) Otto von Bismarck
d) Sorrieu
Answer: c) Otto von Bismarck
Who became the first emperor of unified Germany in 1871?
a) Wilhelm II
b) Victor Emmanuel II
c) Friedrich Wilhelm IV
d) Kaiser William I
Answer: d) Kaiser William I
Who was the chief architect of Italian unification?
a) Otto von Bismarck
b) Giuseppe Garibaldi
c) Count Cavour
d) Giuseppe Mazzini
Answer: c) Count Cavour
Garibaldi’s volunteers were called:
a) Black Shirts
b) White Army
c) Red Shirts
d) Blue Coats
Answer: c) Red Shirts
In which year was Italy finally unified?
a) 1848
b) 1861
c) 1870
d) 1831
Answer: c) 1870
Which act created the United Kingdom of Great Britain?
a) Act of Settlement
b) Act of Union (1707)
c) Magna Carta
d) Reform Act
Answer: b) Act of Union (1707)
What symbolized the British nation?
a) Marianne
b) Germania
c) Britannia
d) Liberty
Answer: c) Britannia
Who composed operas to keep Polish nationalism alive?
a) Chopin
b) Kurpinski
c) Delacroix
d) Schubert
Answer: b) Kurpinski
Which folk dances became symbols of Polish nationalism?
a) Ballet and Tango
b) Polonaise and Mazurka
c) Salsa and Flamenco
d) Minuet and Waltz
Answer: b) Polonaise and Mazurka
Which painter depicted the massacre of Chios in support of Greece?
a) Van Gogh
b) Eugene Delacroix
c) Picasso
d) Manet
Answer: b) Eugene Delacroix
Who led the Silesian weavers’ revolt?
a) Workers’ Union
b) Local priest
c) Wilhelm Wolff (reported)
d) Garibaldi
Answer: c) Wilhelm Wolff (reported)
Which year marks the Greek war of independence?
a) 1821
b) 1815
c) 1789
d) 1831
Answer: a) 1821
The Treaty of Constantinople (1832) recognised the independence of:
a) Italy
b) Poland
c) Greece
d) Germany
Answer: c) Greece
Which movement focused on emotion, intuition, and folk culture?
a) Classicalism
b) Enlightenment
c) Romanticism
d) Realism
Answer: c) Romanticism
Who promoted the idea of “volksgeist” or people’s spirit?
a) Otto von Bismarck
b) Johann Gottfried Herder
c) Friedrich List
d) Giuseppe Mazzini
Answer: b) Johann Gottfried Herder
Which brothers compiled German folktales?
a) Grimm Brothers
b) Marx Brothers
c) Wright Brothers
d) Jacobin Brothers
Answer: a) Grimm Brothers
What was the main cause of 1830s economic hardship in Europe?
a) Over-taxation
b) Decline in monarchy
c) Population growth and food shortages
d) Religious persecution
Answer: c) Population growth and food shortages
What did the Frankfurt Parliament ultimately fail to achieve?
a) Peace in Europe
b) German unification
c) Trade agreements
d) Women’s rights
Answer: b) German unification
Who opposed the liberal ideas in 1848 Germany?
a) France
b) Farmers
c) Aristocracy and military
d) Women
Answer: c) Aristocracy and military
Women were allowed to participate in the Frankfurt Parliament as:
a) Elected members
b) Military volunteers
c) Observers in the gallery
d) Police officers
Answer: c) Observers in the gallery
In Italy, the unification was initiated by:
a) Young Italy movement
b) Germany
c) France
d) The Papal States
Answer: a) Young Italy movement
Who supported Garibaldi in southern Italy?
a) Austrian nobles
b) French peasants
c) Local peasants
d) Russian soldiers
Answer: c) Local peasants
What did the broken chains in Germania’s image symbolize?
a) Agriculture
b) Tyranny
c) Freedom
d) Arms
Answer: c) Freedom
Germania is the allegory of:
a) Britain
b) Italy
c) France
d) Germany
Answer: d) Germany
Which event finally united the Papal States with Italy?
a) Treaty of Versailles
b) France withdrew troops in 1870
c) Vienna Congress
d) Greek independence
Answer: b) France withdrew troops in 1870
What caused tension in the Balkans?
a) Industrial revolution
b) Religious reforms
c) Nationalist rivalries and imperialism
d) Agricultural surplus
Answer: c) Nationalist rivalries and imperialism
Nationalism aligned with imperialism ultimately led to:
a) United Nations
b) The American Revolution
c) World War I
d) End of monarchy
Answer: c) World War I

Fill in the Blanks

Frédéric Sorrieu was a ______ artist who visualised a world of democratic republics.
Answer: French
The first print by Sorrieu depicted the ______ of nations towards Liberty.
Answer: procession
The torch of Enlightenment was held by the female figure representing ______.
Answer: Liberty
The shattered remains of absolutist institutions lie on the ______ in Sorrieu’s print.
Answer: earth
A nation-state is one in which people share a common identity and ______.
Answer: history
Ernst Renan described a nation as a ______ plebiscite.
Answer: daily
The idea of la patrie and le citoyen emerged during the ______ Revolution.
Answer: French
The tricolour French flag replaced the ______ standard.
Answer: royal
The National Assembly was elected by the body of active ______.
Answer: citizens
Internal customs duties in France were ______.
Answer: abolished
The Napoleonic Code was introduced in the year ______.
Answer: 1804
Napoleon simplified administrative divisions and abolished the ______ system.
Answer: feudal
The territories under Napoleon faced high taxation and ______.
Answer: censorship
Europe in the mid-eighteenth century had no modern ______.
Answer: nation-states
The Habsburg Empire ruled over a ______ of regions and peoples.
Answer: patchwork
The landed aristocracy spoke the language of ______.
Answer: French
Liberalism stood for freedom of the individual and equality before the ______.
Answer: law
Suffrage means the right to ______.
Answer: vote
The customs union formed in 1834 in German states was called the ______.
Answer: Zollverein
Friedrich List believed that the Zollverein would bind Germans into a ______.
Answer: nation
Conservatism after 1815 aimed to preserve traditional ______.
Answer: institutions
The Congress of Vienna was hosted by Duke ______.
Answer: Metternich
The Bourbon dynasty was restored in ______.
Answer: France
Secret societies were formed to train ______.
Answer: revolutionaries
Giuseppe Mazzini founded the secret society called Young ______.
Answer: Italy
Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of ______.
Answer: mankind
The July Revolution of 1830 occurred in ______.
Answer: France
Greece gained independence from the ______ Empire.
Answer: Ottoman
The Greek struggle was supported by the English poet Lord ______.
Answer: Byron
Romanticism emphasised emotions and ______.
Answer: intuition
Johann Gottfried Herder promoted the idea of ______.
Answer: volksgeist
The Grimm Brothers collected ______ tales.
Answer: folk
Kurpinski promoted Polish nationalism through his ______.
Answer: music
In Poland, the Russian language replaced ______ in schools.
Answer: Polish
In 1845, weavers in ______ revolted against contractors.
Answer: Silesia
The 1848 revolution in France resulted in the establishment of a ______.
Answer: Republic
The Frankfurt Parliament met in the Church of St ______.
Answer: Paul
The crown was offered to the King of ______ by the Frankfurt Assembly.
Answer: Prussia
Women were only admitted as ______ in the Frankfurt Parliament.
Answer: observers
Otto von Bismarck was the architect of German ______.
Answer: unification
The German Empire was declared at ______ in 1871.
Answer: Versailles
Count Cavour led the unification of ______.
Answer: Italy
Garibaldi’s volunteers were famously known as the ______.
Answer: Red Shirts
Italy was finally unified in the year ______.
Answer: 1870
The Act of Union (1707) created the United Kingdom of ______.
Answer: Great Britain
The British identity was symbolised by ______.
Answer: Britannia
Marianne was the female allegory of ______.
Answer: France
Germania wore a crown of ______ leaves.
Answer: oak
The Balkans were under the control of the ______ Empire.
Answer: Ottoman
Nationalism aligned with imperialism led to the outbreak of ______ in 1914.
Answer: World War I

Name the Following

The French artist who visualised a series of democratic republics in 1848.
Answer: Frédéric Sorrieu
The female allegory of France.
Answer: Marianne
The female allegory of Germany.
Answer: Germania
The philosopher who defined a nation as a daily plebiscite.
Answer: Ernst Renan
The period when the French Revolution began.
Answer: 1789
The symbolic colours of the French revolutionary flag.
Answer: Blue, white, and red
The body elected by active French citizens and renamed as the National Assembly.
Answer: Estates General
The administrative system that Napoleon introduced in his territories.
Answer: Napoleonic Code or Civil Code of 1804
The empire that ruled over Austria-Hungary.
Answer: Habsburg Empire
The economic union formed in 1834 to remove trade barriers in German states.
Answer: Zollverein
The German economist who supported Zollverein.
Answer: Friedrich List
The Austrian Chancellor who hosted the Vienna Congress.
Answer: Duke Metternich
The Italian revolutionary who founded Young Italy.
Answer: Giuseppe Mazzini
The secret society founded by Mazzini in Europe.
Answer: Young Europe
The year when revolutions spread across Europe involving liberals.
Answer: 1848
The assembly of elected representatives in Germany in 1848.
Answer: Frankfurt Parliament
The king of Prussia who was offered the German crown.
Answer: Friedrich Wilhelm IV
The Prussian leader who unified Germany.
Answer: Otto von Bismarck
The first German emperor proclaimed in 1871.
Answer: Kaiser William I
The place where the German Empire was proclaimed in 1871.
Answer: Palace of Versailles
The movement that focused on emotion and folk traditions.
Answer: Romanticism
The German philosopher who promoted volksgeist.
Answer: Johann Gottfried Herder
The German brothers who compiled folktales.
Answer: Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm (Grimm Brothers)
The Polish composer who turned folk dances into nationalist symbols.
Answer: Karol Kurpinski
The folk dances that became symbols of Polish nationalism.
Answer: Polonaise and Mazurka
The French Romantic artist who painted The Massacre at Chios.
Answer: Eugene Delacroix
The region where the weavers’ revolt occurred in 1845.
Answer: Silesia
The journalist who reported the Silesian weavers’ revolt.
Answer: Wilhelm Wolff
The ruler of Sardinia-Piedmont who led the Italian unification.
Answer: King Victor Emmanuel II
The prime minister of Sardinia-Piedmont who unified Italy.
Answer: Count Camillo de Cavour
The Italian revolutionary who led the Red Shirts.
Answer: Giuseppe Garibaldi
The famous military campaign led by Garibaldi in 1860.
Answer: Expedition of the Thousand
The year when Italy was unified completely.
Answer: 1870
The act that united England and Scotland.
Answer: Act of Union (1707)
The country that was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801.
Answer: Ireland
The symbol representing Britain in paintings and coins.
Answer: Britannia
The female allegory painted on the German flag in the Frankfurt Parliament.
Answer: Germania
The region of Europe known for nationalist tension and ethnic diversity.
Answer: The Balkans
The empire that ruled over the Balkan region.
Answer: Ottoman Empire
The poet who supported Greek independence and died during the war.
Answer: Lord Byron
The treaty that recognised Greece as an independent nation.
Answer: Treaty of Constantinople (1832)
The country where Romanticism began as a cultural movement.
Answer: Germany
The name of the red cap worn by Marianne representing liberty.
Answer: Cap of Liberty
The colour of the uniforms worn by French soldiers in Sorrieu’s painting.
Answer: Blue, white, and red
The language promoted as the common language in post-revolutionary France.
Answer: French
The political ideology that sought to preserve monarchy and tradition.
Answer: Conservatism
The newspaper founded by Louise Otto-Peters advocating women’s rights.
Answer: Women’s Newspaper
The conservative order established after Napoleon’s fall.
Answer: Vienna System
The revolutionary club that influenced nationalist movements in Europe.
Answer: Jacobin Club
The European war caused largely due to rising nationalism and imperialism.
Answer: First World War

Answer in One Word

Who prepared a series of prints on democratic republics in 1848?
Answer: Sorrieu
Which country is symbolised by Marianne?
Answer: France
Which country is symbolised by Germania?
Answer: Germany
What does the tricolour represent in the French Revolution?
Answer: Unity
What term refers to a government with no restraints on power?
Answer: Absolutist
What is the name of the French flag introduced after 1789?
Answer: Tricolour
Who led the Congress of Vienna in 1815?
Answer: Metternich
Who was the philosopher that wrote “What is a Nation?”
Answer: Renan
What is the French term for citizen?
Answer: Citoyen
What code did Napoleon implement across Europe?
Answer: Civil
Which group promoted the idea of nation through secret societies?
Answer: Revolutionaries
Who founded the Young Italy movement?
Answer: Mazzini
Which country was unified under Otto von Bismarck?
Answer: Germany
Which country was unified under Victor Emmanuel II?
Answer: Italy
Who was the Italian leader of the Red Shirts?
Answer: Garibaldi
What year did the French Revolution begin?
Answer: 1789
What year did the revolutions of the liberals take place?
Answer: 1848
What does suffrage mean?
Answer: Voting
What was the German customs union called?
Answer: Zollverein
Which empire ruled over Austria and Hungary?
Answer: Habsburg
What was the national language imposed in post-revolution France?
Answer: French
Which economic class led most liberal movements?
Answer: Middle
What is the term for freedom from serfdom and dues?
Answer: Liberation
What is the term for right to property and equality before law?
Answer: Liberalism
Who was the ruler of Sardinia-Piedmont during Italian unification?
Answer: Victor
What is the term for cultural pride among ethnic groups?
Answer: Nationalism
What treaty recognised Greek independence?
Answer: Constantinople
What is the term for pride in national economic development?
Answer: Economic nationalism
Who was the German economist supporting Zollverein?
Answer: List
Which brothers collected German folktales?
Answer: Grimm
Which German philosopher promoted “volksgeist”?
Answer: Herder
Which poet supported the Greek war of independence?
Answer: Byron
What artistic movement emphasised emotion over reason?
Answer: Romanticism
Which painter depicted Greek massacre in Chios?
Answer: Delacroix
What is the name of the Polish dance turned into a nationalist symbol?
Answer: Polonaise
Where did the weavers’ revolt take place in 1845?
Answer: Silesia
Which country annexed Ireland in 1801?
Answer: Britain
Who was the King of Prussia offered the German crown in 1848?
Answer: Friedrich
What is the allegory of the British nation?
Answer: Britannia
Who painted Germania for the Frankfurt Parliament?
Answer: Veit
What is the term for the shared spirit of a people or nation?
Answer: Volksgeist
What country was divided into seven states before unification?
Answer: Italy
Who was Cavour’s diplomatic ally in the war against Austria?
Answer: France
What was the name of the year with widespread famine and revolts?
Answer: 1848
Which system of rule emphasised tradition and monarchy?
Answer: Conservatism
Which empire controlled the Balkan region?
Answer: Ottoman
Which region became a source of nationalist tensions in Europe?
Answer: Balkans
What ideology turned aggressive and imperialistic after 1871?
Answer: Nationalism
What global conflict did imperial nationalism eventually lead to?
Answer: War
What is the name of the church where the Frankfurt Parliament met?
Answer: Paul

CBSE - Grade 10 - Science

All Chapters

Science
- Chapter 1 – Chemical Reactions and Equations
- Chapter 2 – Acids, Bases and Salts
- Chapter 3 – Metals and Non-metals
- Chapter 4 – Carbon and its Compounds
- Chapter 5 – Life Processes
- Chapter 6 – Control and Coordination
- Chapter 7 – How do Organisms Reproduce?
- Chapter 8 – Heredity
- Chapter 9 – Light – Reflection and Refraction
- Chapter 10 – The Human Eye and the Colourful World
- Chapter 11 – Electricity
- Chapter 12 – Magnetic Effects of Electric Current
- Chapter 13 – Our Environment

CBSE - Grade 10 - Mathematics

All Chapters

Ch 01 – Real Numbers
Ch 02 – Polynomials
Ch 03 – Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables
Ch 04 – Quadratic Equations
Ch 05 – Arithmetic Progressions
Ch 06 – Triangles
Ch 07 – Coordinate Geometry
Ch 08 – Introduction to Trigonometry
Ch 09 – Some Applications of Trigonometry
Ch 10 – Circles
Ch 11 – Areas related to Circles
Ch 12 – Surface Areas and Volumes
Ch 13 – Statistics
Ch 14 – Probability

CBSE - Grade 10 - English - First Flights

All Chapters

A Letter to God
Dust of Snow
Fire and Ice
Nelson Mandela: A Long Walk to Freedom
A Tiger in the Zoo
Two Stories about Flying
His First Flight
Black Aeroplane
How to Tell Wild Animals
The Ball Poem
From the Diary of Anne Frank
Amanda!
Glimpses of India
A Baker from Goa
Coorg
III. Tea from Assam
The Trees
Mijbil the Otter
Fog
Madam Rides the Bus
The Tale of Custard the Dragon
The Sermon at Benares
For Anne Gregory
The Proposal

CBSE - Grade 10 - English - Words and Expressions

All Chapters

Unit 1 – A Letter to God
Unit 2 – Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to freedom
Unit 3 – Two stories about flying
Unit 4 – From the diary of Anne Frank
Unit 5 – Glimpses of India
Unit 6 – Mijbil the otter
Unit 7 – Madam rides the bus
Unit 8 – The sermon at Benaras
Unit 9 – The proposal

CBSE - Grade 10 - English - Supplementary Reader - Footprints without Feet

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The Thief’s Story
The Midnight Visitor
A Question of Trust
Footprints without Feet
The Making of a Scientist
The Necklace
Bholi
The Book That Saved the Earth

CBSE - Grade 10 - History

All Chapters

The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
Nationalism in India
The Making of a Global World
The Age of Industrialisation
Print Culture and the Modern World

CBSE - Grade 10 - Civics

All Chapters

Chapter 1 Power-sharing
Chapter 2 Federalism
Chapter 3 Gender, Religion and Caste
Chapter 4 Political Parties
Chapter 5 Outcomes of Democracy

CBSE - Grade 10 - Geography

All Chapters

Resources and Development
Forest and Wildlife Resources
Water Resources
Agriculture
Minerals and Energy Resources
Manufacturing Industries
Lifelines of National Economy

CBSE - Grade 10 - Economics

All Chapters

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Ch 02 – Sectors of the Indian Economy
Ch 03 – Money and Credit
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Ch 05 – Consumer Rights

CBSE Grade 10

Find the Odd Man Out

Sorrieu, Mazzini, Byron, Metternich
Answer: Metternich
Explanation: Others supported revolution; Metternich was a conservative.
France, Germany, Switzerland, Poland
Answer: Switzerland
Explanation: Others struggled for unification; Switzerland was already a nation-state.
Liberty, Equality, Monarchy, Fraternity
Answer: Monarchy
Explanation: Others are revolutionary ideals; monarchy is not.
Grimm Brothers, Herder, List, Byron
Answer: List
Explanation: Others were cultural nationalists; List focused on economic nationalism.
Napoleonic Code, Tricolour, Zollverein, Jacobin Clubs
Answer: Zollverein
Explanation: Others originated from France; Zollverein was German.
Germania, Marianne, Britannia, Versailles
Answer: Versailles
Explanation: Others are national allegories; Versailles is a place.
France, Prussia, Russia, Ireland
Answer: Ireland
Explanation: Others were empires or monarchies; Ireland was a colony.
Red Shirts, Young Italy, Young Europe, Jacobin Club
Answer: Jacobin Club
Explanation: Others were 19th-century secret societies; Jacobins were from the French Revolution.
Cavour, Garibaldi, Bismarck, Metternich
Answer: Metternich
Explanation: Others were unification leaders; Metternich resisted unification.
Congress of Vienna, Treaty of Constantinople, Zollverein, Frankfurt Parliament
Answer: Zollverein
Explanation: Others were political treaties/events; Zollverein was an economic union.
Poland, Hungary, Italy, Britain
Answer: Britain
Explanation: Others fought for unification or independence; Britain did not.
La patrie, Le citoyen, Tricolour, Civil Code
Answer: Civil Code
Explanation: Others are French revolutionary symbols; Civil Code was a legal reform.
Olive branch, Broken chains, Eagle, Feudal dues
Answer: Feudal dues
Explanation: Others are symbols of liberty; feudal dues represent oppression.
Silesia, Vienna, Mainz, Milan
Answer: Vienna
Explanation: Others had revolts or supported revolution; Vienna hosted conservative congress.
Italian, German, Swiss, Irish
Answer: Swiss
Explanation: Others sought unification; Switzerland was already unified.
Repression, Censorship, Suffrage, Monarchy
Answer: Suffrage
Explanation: Others are tools of autocracy; suffrage is democratic.
National anthem, Flag, Folk dance, Guilds
Answer: Guilds
Explanation: Others are national symbols; guilds are economic institutions.
Factory workers, Peasants, Aristocrats, Artisans
Answer: Aristocrats
Explanation: Others were common people involved in revolts; aristocrats were elite.
Friedrich List, Friedrich Wilhelm IV, Friedrich Engels, Friedrich Chopin
Answer: Friedrich Engels
Explanation: Others were linked to nationalism; Engels was a socialist.
Austria, France, Russia, Germany (pre-1871)
Answer: Germany (pre-1871)
Explanation: Others were monarchies; Germany was not yet unified.
Black, Red, Gold, Blue
Answer: Blue
Explanation: Others are colours of the German national flag.
Monarchy, Clergy, Press Freedom, Aristocracy
Answer: Press Freedom
Explanation: Others were protected by conservatives; press freedom was suppressed.
Lord Byron, Giuseppe Garibaldi, Giuseppe Mazzini, Count Cavour
Answer: Lord Byron
Explanation: Others were Italians; Byron was British.
Hunger, Poverty, Industrialisation, Enlightenment
Answer: Enlightenment
Explanation: Others caused unrest; Enlightenment was intellectual.
England, Scotland, Germany, Ireland
Answer: Germany
Explanation: Others formed the UK; Germany did not.
Hungary, Ireland, Lombardy, Alsace
Answer: Alsace
Explanation: Others struggled under Austro-Hungarian rule; Alsace was under France/Germany.
Russia, Austria, Germany, Greece
Answer: Greece
Explanation: Others were empires; Greece was under Ottoman rule fighting for independence.
Act of Union, Treaty of Versailles, Congress of Vienna, Treaty of Constantinople
Answer: Act of Union
Explanation: Others are European treaties; Act of Union was a British law.
Marianne, Tricolour, Guillotine, Germania
Answer: Guillotine
Explanation: Others are symbols of nationalism; guillotine symbolised terror.
Factory system, Feudal dues, Guilds, Serfdom
Answer: Factory system
Explanation: Others are outdated systems; factory system was modern.
Young Italy, Young Europe, Red Shirts, Zollverein
Answer: Zollverein
Explanation: Others were political groups; Zollverein was an economic body.
Polish language, German language, Russian language, Hungarian language
Answer: Polish language
Explanation: Others were dominant; Polish was suppressed.
Nationalist flag, National dress, National anthem, Serfdom
Answer: Serfdom
Explanation: Others are nationalist symbols; serfdom was feudal.
Prussia, Piedmont, Papal States, Sardinia
Answer: Papal States
Explanation: Others contributed to unification; Papal States resisted it.
Liberty, Equality, Autocracy, Fraternity
Answer: Autocracy
Explanation: Others are revolutionary ideas; autocracy is opposed to them.
Lord Byron, Sorrieu, Delacroix, Bismarck
Answer: Bismarck
Explanation: Others were artists/poets; Bismarck was a statesman.
Factory Act, Civil Code, Zollverein, Napoleonic Code
Answer: Factory Act
Explanation: Others were part of Napoleonic reforms; Factory Act was British.
Church of St. Paul, Versailles, Vienna, Bastille
Answer: Bastille
Explanation: Others hosted political meetings/events; Bastille was a prison.
France, Germany, Britain, Balkans
Answer: Balkans
Explanation: Others were states; Balkans was a region of many nationalities.
Friedrich Wilhelm IV, Victor Emmanuel II, Louis Philippe, Otto von Bismarck
Answer: Louis Philippe
Explanation: Others were involved in unification; Louis Philippe was a French monarch.
Constitution, Parliament, Censorship, Plebiscite
Answer: Censorship
Explanation: Others are democratic; censorship is autocratic.
Austria, Poland, Lombardy, Alsace
Answer: Austria
Explanation: Others were territories under Austria; Austria was the ruling state.
Austria, Hungary, Britain, Prussia
Answer: Britain
Explanation: Others were part of Central/Eastern Europe; Britain was not.
Garibaldi, Mazzini, Victor Emmanuel, Napoleon III
Answer: Napoleon III
Explanation: Others were Italian nationalists; Napoleon III was French.
Agriculture, Industry, Railways, Liberty
Answer: Liberty
Explanation: Others are economic; liberty is ideological.
1789, 1830, 1848, 1871
Answer: 1871
Explanation: Others were years of revolutions; 1871 was unification.
England, Scotland, Wales, Sicily
Answer: Sicily
Explanation: Others are British regions; Sicily is Italian.
Jacobin, Zollverein, Young Italy, Young Europe
Answer: Zollverein
Explanation: Others were revolutionary clubs; Zollverein was economic.
Marianne, Garibaldi, Germania, Britannia
Answer: Garibaldi
Explanation: Others are allegories; Garibaldi was a person.
Napoleon, Mazzini, Bismarck, Byron
Answer: Byron
Explanation: Others were political leaders; Byron was a poet.

Match the Pair

Set 1

Match the Pair

Giuseppe Mazzini
Zollverein
Congress of Vienna
Romanticism
Otto von Bismarck

B:
a. Economic union promoting German unity
b. Secret society promoting Italian unification
c. European meeting to restore old monarchies
d. Prussian leader who used realpolitik
e. Cultural movement emphasizing folk traditions

Answers:
1 – b
2 – a
3 – c
4 – e
5 – d

Set 2

Match the Pair

Young Italy
1848 Revolution in France
The Red Shirts
Napoleon Bonaparte
Nationalism

B:
a. Military group aiding Italian unification
b. Idea of shared identity and common history
c. Republic established with universal male suffrage
d. Secret society founded by Mazzini
e. Emperor who spread revolutionary ideas

Answers:
1 – d
2 – c
3 – a
4 – e
5 – b

Set 3

Match the Pair

Victor Emmanuel II
French Tricolour
Silesian weavers
The Frankfurt Parliament
The Polish language

B:
a. King of unified Italy
b. Used as cultural resistance under Russian rule
c. 1848 German attempt at unification
d. Symbol of French Revolution
e. Workers who revolted due to wage cuts

Answers:
1 – a
2 – d
3 – e
4 – c
5 – b

Set 4

Match the Pair

Act of Union 1707
Garibaldi
Liberal nationalism
Congress of Vienna’s goal
Industrial middle class

B:
a. Sought government by consent and equality before law
b. Merged England and Scotland peacefully
c. Leader of Red Shirts in Italy
d. Restore monarchies and suppress liberalism
e. Benefited from liberal reforms and industrialization

Answers:
1 – b
2 – c
3 – a
4 – d
5 – e

Set 5

Match the Pair

Polish partitions
Napoleon’s reforms
Nationalism in Balkans
Ernst Renan’s view of nation
1830 Belgian revolt

B:
a. Based nationhood on shared sacrifices
b. Suppressed Polish language and identity
c. Inspired by nationalist aspirations
d. Led to ethnic conflicts and wars
e. Abolished feudal privileges and improved transport

Answers:
1 – b
2 – e
3 – d
4 – a
5 – c

Set 6

Match the Pair

Marianne and Germania
Women in 1848 revolutions
King of Prussia in 1871
French Revolution’s sovereignty shift
Romanticism’s focus

B:
a. Emphasized emotions and folk culture
b. Personifications of nations on coins and statues
c. Women were denied voting rights
d. Wilhelm I became German emperor
e. From monarchy to people’s rule

Answers:
1 – b
2 – c
3 – d
4 – e
5 – a

Set 7

Match the Pair

The Zollverein’s function
Napoleon’s European rule
The Silesian weavers’ revolt
The Statue of Liberty symbolism
The 1830 French Revolution

B:
a. Created economic unity in Germany
b. Symbol of liberty and democratic ideals
c. Overthrew Bourbon kings, installed Louis Philippe
d. Reforms abolished feudalism but faced resistance
e. Violently suppressed workers’ protest

Answers:
1 – a
2 – d
3 – e
4 – b
5 – c

Set 8

Match the Pair

The Red Shirts’ role
Nationalism and peace
Working class and liberalism
Polish clergy resistance
The Frankfurt Parliament outcome

B:
a. Liberals mainly represented middle class
b. Secret army for southern Italy unification
c. Failed to unify Germany constitutionally
d. Jailed for resisting Russification
e. Nationalism sometimes caused aggression

Answers:
1 – b
2 – e
3 – a
4 – d
5 – c

Set 9

Match the Pair

The Greek war of independence
Congress of Vienna policy
Nationalist symbols
Britain and Ireland after Acts of Union
Polish cultural resistance

B:
a. Suppressed Irish revolts forcibly
b. Supported by European intellectuals like Byron
c. Aimed to restore monarchies and old order
d. Female allegories like Marianne and Germania
e. Used Polish language despite oppression

Answers:
1 – b
2 – c
3 – d
4 – a
5 – e

Set 10

Match the Pair

Realpolitik
Italian unification completion
Napoleon’s reforms and nationalism
Liberal suffrage in early 19th century
Nationalism definition

B:
a. King Victor Emmanuel II crowned
b. Use of practical politics and military power
c. Not universal, excluded women and poor men
d. Abolished feudalism, spread nationalist ideas
e. Common identity, history, and aspirations

Answers:
1 – b
2 – a
3 – d
4 – c
5 – e

Short Answer Questions

Q: What is the meaning of nationalism?
A: Nationalism is a sense of collective identity based on shared language, culture, history, and aspirations for self-rule.
Q: Who was the French artist who visualized a united Europe as a female figure?
A: Frederic Sorrieu.
Q: Name the female allegory of the French nation.
A: Marianne.
Q: What was the main aim of the French Revolutionaries?
A: To establish a nation based on equal rights, liberty, and fraternity.
Q: What were the three colours of the French tricolour?
A: Blue, white, and red.
Q: What was the Napoleonic Code also known as?
A: Civil Code of 1804.
Q: Which country’s unification was completed under Otto von Bismarck?
A: Germany.
Q: What was the Zollverein?
A: A customs union formed among German states to facilitate trade and economic unity.
Q: Which country led the unification of Italy?
A: Piedmont-Sardinia.
Q: Who was the chief architect of German unification?
A: Otto von Bismarck.
Q: Name the leader of the Red Shirts in Italy.
A: Giuseppe Garibaldi.
Q: When did the French Revolution begin?
A: 1789.
Q: What was the Frankfurt Parliament?
A: An all-German National Assembly formed in 1848 to unify Germany.
Q: What do you understand by the term ‘liberalism’ in 19th-century Europe?
A: Liberalism meant freedom for the individual and equality before the law.
Q: What was the significance of the Treaty of Vienna, 1815?
A: It restored monarchies and restructured Europe after Napoleon’s defeat.
Q: What was the role of Giuseppe Mazzini in unification movements?
A: He founded Young Italy and inspired nationalism and unification.
Q: What were nation-states?
A: States where citizens share a common identity, language, and culture.
Q: What does ‘allegory’ mean in the context of nationalism?
A: A symbolic representation of a concept or idea, like the nation.
Q: Which event in 1830 led to the independence of Greece?
A: The Greek War of Independence.
Q: Why did Silesian weavers revolt in 1845?
A: Due to exploitation by contractors and industrial hardships.
Q: Name the British act that led to the formation of the United Kingdom.
A: Act of Union, 1707.
Q: Which revolution overthrew the Bourbon monarchy in France?
A: The July Revolution of 1830.
Q: Name the country where the 1848 revolution began.
A: France.
Q: What was the significance of Romanticism in Europe?
A: It encouraged cultural nationalism through art, poetry, and folklore.
Q: What is Realpolitik?
A: Politics based on practical objectives, not ideals.
Q: What major political change occurred in France in 1848?
A: The establishment of a republic with universal male suffrage.
Q: What was the role of the Habsburg Empire in Europe?
A: It ruled over a diverse multi-national territory.
Q: Why did the Balkan region become a source of tension?
A: Due to rising nationalism and ethnic conflicts.
Q: Name two conservative powers after 1815.
A: Austria and Prussia.
Q: What did Ernst Renan say about the nation?
A: A nation is a result of shared struggles and collective memory.
Q: What impact did Napoleon have on Europe?
A: He introduced administrative reforms and legal equality but also brought wars.
Q: Which year is associated with the unification of Germany?
A: 1871.
Q: What was the capital of unified Germany?
A: Berlin.
Q: Which war helped in the unification of Germany in 1871?
A: The Franco-Prussian War.
Q: Who became the first Kaiser of unified Germany?
A: Kaiser William I.
Q: Who was proclaimed King of unified Italy in 1861?
A: Victor Emmanuel II.
Q: What role did the French Revolution play in spreading nationalism?
A: It inspired the idea of a nation ruled by its citizens.
Q: What is meant by ‘the right to vote’ in liberal terms?
A: Suffrage or the right of citizens to participate in elections.
Q: What does ‘civic nationalism’ emphasize?
A: Nationalism based on political rights and participation.
Q: Who repressed the revolutionaries after 1815?
A: The conservative monarchies and Metternich of Austria.
Q: What was the cultural movement that celebrated folk culture and traditions?
A: Romanticism.
Q: Which empire was called the ‘Sick Man of Europe’?
A: The Ottoman Empire.
Q: What symbolised Liberty during the French Revolution?
A: The red Phrygian cap and the broken chain.
Q: What type of state was Britain before nationalism?
A: A nation-state formed through parliamentary means.
Q: What challenge did the conservatives face from nationalism?
A: The threat of disintegration due to ethnic identities.
Q: What role did language play in nationalist movements?
A: It helped forge national identity and unity.
Q: What was Young Italy?
A: A secret society founded by Mazzini for Italian unification.
Q: What is the significance of 14th July in France?
A: Bastille Day, marking the start of the French Revolution.
Q: How was Poland divided in the late 18th century?
A: Among Russia, Prussia, and Austria.
Q: Which ideology opposed monarchy and supported people’s rights?
A: Liberalism.

Puzzles

Q: I unified Italy but never wore a crown. Who am I?
A: Garibaldi
Q: I am a code created by a French ruler and influenced many countries. What am I?
A: Napoleonic Code
Q: I was signed in 1815 and tried to undo the French Revolution. What am I?
A: Treaty of Vienna
Q: I’m a word that means love for one’s country. What am I?
A: Nationalism
Q: I was a group of German states that removed trade barriers. What am I?
A: Zollverein
Q: I led the unification of Germany using “blood and iron”. Who am I?
A: Otto von Bismarck
Q: I was the capital of the Parliament that failed to unite Germany. What city am I?
A: Frankfurt
Q: I am the name of the French female allegory. Who am I?
A: Marianne
Q: I am a painting showing German unification in 1871. What event do I depict?
A: Proclamation of the German Empire at Versailles
Q: I tried to preserve monarchies and crush revolutions in 1815. What am I?
A: Congress of Vienna
Q: I represented a strong and unified Germany as a female figure. Who am I?
A: Germania
Q: I am the revolution that happened in 1830 in France. What am I called?
A: July Revolution
Q: I am a romantic poet who revived Polish culture. Who am I?
A: Karol Kurpinski
Q: I helped build Italian unity with diplomacy. Who am I?
A: Cavour
Q: I am the country whose unification was completed in 1871. Which country am I?
A: Germany
Q: I ruled after the fall of Napoleon and re-established monarchies. Who am I?
A: Metternich
Q: I am a word that describes drawing imaginary figures to represent nations. What am I?
A: Allegory
Q: I am the war that led to German victory over France in 1870. What am I?
A: Franco-Prussian War
Q: I am the city where the German Empire was proclaimed. Which city am I?
A: Versailles
Q: I am the region that became the powder keg of Europe. What am I?
A: The Balkans
Q: I’m an empire that declined due to nationalism in the Balkans. Who am I?
A: Ottoman Empire
Q: I was crowned Emperor of Germany in 1871. Who am I?
A: Kaiser William I
Q: I published revolutionary ideas and literature. What tool am I?
A: Printing Press
Q: I helped standardize laws across French-controlled territories. What am I?
A: Civil Code of 1804
Q: I represent pride in national culture and tradition. What idea am I?
A: Romanticism
Q: I describe the loyalty and devotion to one’s nation. What term am I?
A: Patriotism
Q: I describe a state where people share language, culture, and government. What am I?
A: Nation-state
Q: I was a secret society that worked for Italian unity. Who am I?
A: Young Italy
Q: I led the Red Shirts. Who am I?
A: Giuseppe Garibaldi
Q: I was a song that inspired Polish nationalism. What am I?
A: Mazurka (or Polish national anthem)
Q: I symbolize the sword in Germania’s hand. What do I represent?
A: Readiness to fight for the nation
Q: I am the staff bearing the red cap in allegories. What do I represent?
A: Liberty
Q: I am the iron cross in German symbolism. What do I represent?
A: Heroism
Q: I am the number of wars used by Bismarck to unify Germany. What is it?
A: Three
Q: I ruled Prussia and became Emperor of united Germany. Who am I?
A: Kaiser William I
Q: I am the European region with many ethnic groups and conflicts. What am I?
A: Balkans
Q: I was a famous French general and emperor. Who am I?
A: Napoleon Bonaparte
Q: I’m the spirit or soul of the Italian unification. Who am I?
A: Mazzini
Q: I was the editor of “Il Risorgimento” and promoted Italian unity. Who am I?
A: Cavour
Q: I’m the main idea behind the 19th-century revolutions. What am I?
A: Nationalism
Q: I describe a political and economic alliance without complete union. What am I?
A: Confederation
Q: I kept tariffs and customs duty away in German states. What am I?
A: Zollverein
Q: I’m the process of making people feel part of a nation. What am I called?
A: Nation-building
Q: I’m a song sung to instill pride in the nation. What am I?
A: National Anthem
Q: I’m a device used by Metternich to control Europe after Napoleon. What am I?
A: Balance of Power
Q: I’m the cloth representing a nation. What am I?
A: National Flag
Q: I describe a policy that uses war and diplomacy to achieve goals. What am I?
A: Realpolitik
Q: I was the last state added to Italy in 1870. What was I?
A: Papal States
Q: I describe literature and art that glorifies national heroes. What term am I?
A: Nationalist Romanticism
Q: I’m a 19th-century ideology favoring individual rights and constitutions. What am I?
A: Liberalism

Difference Between:

. Difference between Nation and State
Answer:

A nation is a group of people who share common language, culture, history, and traditions.
A state is a political and administrative unit with defined territorial boundaries and a sovereign government.

Difference between Liberalism and Conservatism
Answer:

Liberalism stands for freedom of the individual, democratic rights, and a representative government.
Conservatism supports the traditional monarchy, social hierarchy, and suppression of revolutionary changes.

Difference between Romanticism and Rationalism
Answer:

Romanticism emphasized emotions, feelings, folklore, and cultural nationalism.
Rationalism focused on logic, science, and reason as the basis of understanding and governance.

Difference between Nation-State and Multinational Empire
Answer:

A Nation-State is a state with a single national identity and shared culture.
A Multinational Empire includes several ethnic or national groups under one monarch, like the Austrian Empire.

Difference between German Unification and Italian Unification
Answer:

German Unification was led by Bismarck using military means under Prussian leadership.
Italian Unification was achieved through diplomacy (Cavour), popular uprising (Garibaldi), and war.

Difference between Frankfurt Parliament and Vienna Congress
Answer:

Frankfurt Parliament was a liberal attempt in 1848 to unite Germany through a constitution.
Congress of Vienna in 1815 restored monarchies and aimed to suppress nationalism.

Difference between Zollverein and Customs Duties
Answer:

Zollverein was a German customs union that removed internal tariffs and encouraged economic unity.
Customs duties are taxes imposed on imported goods to control trade and generate revenue.

Difference between Marianne and Germania (Female Allegories)
Answer:

Marianne symbolizes the French nation, liberty, and reason.
Germania represents the German nation, strength, and unity.

Difference between Napoleon’s Rule and Metternich’s Policy
Answer:

Napoleon promoted legal equality, secular laws, and nationalism through reforms.
Metternich opposed liberal ideas and restored absolute monarchies across Europe.

Difference between Revolutionaries and Monarchists
Answer:

Revolutionaries sought change through liberty, equality, and nationalism.
Monarchists supported hereditary rulers and opposed democratic movements.

Difference between Garibaldi and Cavour
Answer:

Garibaldi was a nationalist leader who used military campaigns for unification.
Cavour was a statesman who used diplomacy and alliances to achieve the same goal.

Difference between 1830 and 1848 Revolutions
Answer:

1830 Revolutions were against monarchies, mostly in France and Belgium.
1848 Revolutions were widespread across Europe with demands for constitutional and national rights.

Difference between Ethnic Identity and Civic Identity
Answer:

Ethnic identity is based on shared ancestry, culture, and traditions.
Civic identity is based on shared political values and common citizenship.

Difference between Italian and German Nationalism
Answer:

Italian Nationalism grew out of regional identities and needed unification from multiple states.
German Nationalism emerged from economic unity and military strength under Prussia.

Difference between Liberals and Radicals in 19th Century Europe
Answer:

Liberals wanted constitutional government, voting rights for property owners.
Radicals demanded universal suffrage, social equality, and complete reform.

Difference between Nation and Nationalism
Answer:

A Nation is a group of people with common characteristics.
Nationalism is the ideology that emphasizes loyalty and devotion to the nation.

Difference between Cultural and Political Nationalism
Answer:

Cultural nationalism focuses on promoting language, folklore, and traditions.
Political nationalism seeks independence and formation of nation-states.

Difference between Democratic and Autocratic Rule
Answer:

Democratic rule is based on elected representatives and citizens’ participation.
Autocratic rule is concentrated in the hands of one ruler with no accountability.

Difference between Balkan Nationalism and Western European Nationalism
Answer:

Balkan nationalism was based on ethnic fragmentation and led to conflicts.
Western European nationalism led to political unification and strong nation-states.

Difference between Realpolitik and Idealism
Answer:

Realpolitik, used by Bismarck, is politics based on practical objectives rather than ideology.
Idealism emphasizes moral principles and visionary goals for society.

Assertion and Reason

Assertion: Nationalism led to the formation of nation-states in 19th century Europe.
Reason: Nation-states had centralized power and citizens sharing common identity.
Answer: Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
Assertion: The French Revolution was the first clear expression of nationalism in Europe.

Reason: It transferred sovereignty from the monarchy to the people.
Answer: Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

Assertion: The Napoleonic Code removed privileges based on birth and ensured equality before law.

Reason: Napoleon aimed to restore the monarchy and aristocratic privileges.
Answer: Assertion is true but Reason is false.

Assertion: The Habsburg Empire was a multi-ethnic empire with diverse peoples.

Reason: It lacked political unity due to language and cultural differences.
Answer: Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

Assertion: Liberal nationalism sought to end autocracy and clerical privileges.

Reason: Liberals believed in government by consent and equality before law.
Answer: Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

Assertion: The Zollverein helped unify Germany economically by abolishing tariff barriers.

Reason: The Zollverein reduced the number of currencies and promoted trade.
Answer: Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

Assertion: The Congress of Vienna restored the Bourbon monarchy in France after Napoleon’s defeat.

Reason: The Congress aimed to preserve conservative monarchies and suppress liberal ideas.
Answer: Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

Assertion: Giuseppe Mazzini formed secret societies like Young Italy to promote republicanism.

Reason: Secret societies were formed to counter repression of liberals by conservative regimes.
Answer: Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

Assertion: The 1848 Revolution in France led to the establishment of a republic with universal suffrage.

Reason: Women were given voting rights and allowed to participate fully.
Answer: Assertion is true but Reason is false.

Assertion: Otto von Bismarck unified Germany through “blood and iron” policies.

Reason: He used diplomacy and wars with Denmark, Austria, and France.
Answer: Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

Assertion: The unification of Italy was completed with the annexation of the Papal States in 1870.

Reason: King Victor Emmanuel II became the first king of a united Italy.
Answer: Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

Assertion: Britain’s nation-state developed through violent revolution similar to Germany and Italy.

Reason: The Act of Union 1707 merged England and Scotland peacefully.
Answer: Assertion is false but Reason is true.

Assertion: Romanticism as a cultural movement focused on folk traditions and emotions.

Reason: It emphasized reason and scientific progress as the main sources of culture.
Answer: Assertion is true but Reason is false.

Assertion: The Polish language was used as a tool of resistance against Russian rule.

Reason: Russian authorities allowed free cultural expression in Poland.
Answer: Assertion is true but Reason is false.

Assertion: The middle class supported the abolition of aristocratic privileges.

Reason: The aristocracy was a dominant landed class sharing a lifestyle and language.
Answer: Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

Assertion: Liberalism advocated for universal suffrage from its inception.

Reason: Early liberalism excluded women and non-property owning men from voting.
Answer: Assertion is false but Reason is true.

Assertion: The Frankfurt Parliament of 1848 successfully unified Germany under a constitutional monarchy.

Reason: The King of Prussia accepted the crown offered by the Parliament.
Answer: Both Assertion and Reason are false.

Assertion: The nationalist movements in the Balkans contributed to tensions leading to World War I.

Reason: Great powers competed for influence over Slavic territories under Ottoman control.
Answer: Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

Assertion: The Statue of Liberty was a symbol of the revolutionary dream of liberty and rights.

Reason: It represented absolutist institutions that supported monarchy.
Answer: Assertion is true but Reason is false.

Assertion: Ernst Renan believed that race, language, and religion alone define a nation.

Reason: He argued that nationhood is based on shared sacrifices and common achievements.
Answer: Assertion is false but Reason is true.

Assertion: Napoleon’s reforms abolished feudalism and improved transport in occupied territories.

Reason: French rule was universally welcomed across Europe.
Answer: Assertion is true but Reason is false.

Assertion: The industrialization process gave rise to a liberal middle class.

Reason: The working class was a significant supporter of aristocratic privileges.
Answer: Assertion is true but Reason is false.

Assertion: The Congress of Vienna aimed to create buffer states around France to prevent future aggression.

Reason: The restoration of monarchies was meant to suppress nationalism and liberalism.
Answer: Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

Assertion: Nationalism in the 19th century always promoted peace and cooperation among nations.

Reason: It sometimes became aggressive and imperialistic, especially in the Balkans.
Answer: Assertion is false but Reason is true.

Assertion: Women actively participated in the 1848 revolutions but were denied voting rights.

Reason: Early liberal nationalism did not include universal suffrage for women.
Answer: Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

Assertion: The Zollverein contributed to economic nationalism in Germany.

Reason: It created uniform currency and removed trade barriers.
Answer: Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

Assertion: The 1830 Belgian revolt resulted in independence from the Netherlands.

Reason: The revolution was inspired by nationalist aspirations.
Answer: Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

Assertion: The Polonaise and Mazurka were popular Russian folk dances used to symbolize national identity.

Reason: They were important nationalist symbols in Poland under foreign rule.
Answer: Assertion is false but Reason is true.

Assertion: France’s revolutionary tricolour flag replaced the royal standard during the French Revolution.

Reason: National symbols were used to foster a sense of collective identity.
Answer: Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

Assertion: Otto von Bismarck believed in democracy and liberalism for unifying Germany.

Reason: He used militarism and realpolitik to achieve unification.
Answer: Assertion is false but Reason is true.

Assertion: The age of revolutions included the Greek war of independence against Ottoman rule.

Reason: European intellectuals and artists like Lord Byron supported Greek independence.
Answer: Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

Assertion: The Congress of Vienna encouraged liberal and nationalist ideas across Europe.

Reason: It aimed to restore monarchies and preserve old social orders.
Answer: Assertion is false but Reason is true.

Assertion: In the 19th century, nations were often personified as female allegories like Marianne and Germania.

Reason: These symbols were used on stamps, coins, and statues to evoke unity.
Answer: Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

Assertion: The working class was the primary supporter of liberal nationalism.

Reason: Liberalism mostly represented middle-class interests and property rights.
Answer: Assertion is false but Reason is true.

Assertion: The Polish clergy used the Russian language to resist Russian control.

Reason: Many clergy were jailed or exiled for cultural resistance.
Answer: Assertion is false but Reason is true.

Assertion: The 1848 revolts in Europe succeeded in establishing lasting constitutional monarchies.

Reason: Most revolutions were violently suppressed or failed to achieve their goals.
Answer: Assertion is false but Reason is true.

Assertion: The ‘Red Shirts’ led by Garibaldi played a key role in Italian unification.

Reason: They liberated southern Italy and joined it with the north.
Answer: Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

Assertion: Britain incorporated Ireland peacefully without any revolts.

Reason: Irish revolts were unsuccessful and suppressed forcibly.
Answer: Assertion is false but Reason is true.

Assertion: Nationalism was a force that guaranteed liberty according to Ernst Renan.

Reason: Nations should not annex other territories without the will of the people.
Answer: Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

Assertion: The Silesian weavers’ revolt was triggered by wage cuts.

Reason: The revolt was suppressed violently by the army.
Answer: Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

Assertion: The Statue of Liberty carried the Charter of the Rights of Man in one hand.

Reason: It symbolized Enlightenment and democratic ideals.
Answer: Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

Assertion: The German Empire was proclaimed at Versailles in 1871.

Reason: Kaiser William I became the first emperor of united Germany.
Answer: Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

Assertion: Nationalism in the Balkans led to a peaceful coexistence of various ethnic groups.

Reason: The region became a hotspot of ethnic conflicts and wars.
Answer: Assertion is false but Reason is true.

Assertion: The middle class was opposed to the abolition of aristocratic privileges.

Reason: They benefited from industrialization and liberal reforms.
Answer: Assertion is false but Reason is true.

Assertion: The Polish partitions were among the causes of cultural resistance in Poland.

Reason: Partitioning powers sought to suppress Polish language and identity.
Answer: Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

Assertion: Napoleon’s reforms improved transport and communication in occupied territories.

Reason: These reforms helped in spreading nationalist ideas.
Answer: Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

Assertion: The concept of nation-state emerged from the decline of dynastic empires.

Reason: Citizens in nation-states share common identity and history.
Answer: Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

Assertion: The French Revolution introduced centralized administration and uniform laws.

Reason: These measures aimed to create a unified national identity.
Answer: Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

Assertion: The 1830 French Revolution overthrew the Bourbon kings and installed Louis Philippe as constitutional monarch.

Reason: It marked the end of all monarchical rule in France.
Answer: Assertion is true but Reason is false.

Assertion: The British identity was imposed on Scotland and Ireland after the Acts of Union.

Reason: Scottish and Irish cultural identities became subordinate to English dominance.
Answer: Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

True or False

The French Revolution introduced the idea of nation-states in Europe.
Answer: True
The Napoleonic Code abolished privileges based on birth.
Answer: True
Giuseppe Mazzini believed in monarchy as a means of unification.
Answer: False
Otto von Bismarck was associated with German unification.
Answer: True
The Frankfurt Parliament was successful in achieving German unification.
Answer: False
The Zollverein was a cultural union of German-speaking states.
Answer: False
Romanticism encouraged the glorification of science and industrialism.
Answer: False
Ernst Renan emphasized the importance of shared history in nation-building.
Answer: True
The Congress of Vienna supported liberal and nationalist ideas.
Answer: False
Marianne was the female allegory of France.
Answer: True
The Red Shirts were led by Giuseppe Garibaldi.
Answer: True
The Act of Union (1707) created the United Kingdom of Great Britain.
Answer: True
Polish was promoted by the Russians after the 1831 uprising.
Answer: False
Nationalism in the Balkans was peaceful and cooperative.
Answer: False
The idea of a nation-state is closely linked to the concepts of democracy and liberalism.
Answer: True
The French Revolution transferred sovereignty from the monarchy to the people.
Answer: True
Napoleon’s reforms were welcomed in all European countries.
Answer: False
The 1830 revolution in France established a constitutional monarchy.
Answer: True
Victor Emmanuel II became the first king of united Germany.
Answer: False
The Silesian weavers’ uprising was related to industrial exploitation.
Answer: True
The Frankfurt Parliament had widespread support from the German monarchy.
Answer: False
Women actively participated in nationalist movements but were denied political rights.
Answer: True
The French tricolour was first adopted during Napoleon’s rule.
Answer: False
Garibaldi conquered northern Italy with the help of Austria.
Answer: False
Realpolitik means politics based on ideology rather than practicality.
Answer: False
Nationalist allegories helped spread ideas through symbols and visual imagery.
Answer: True
The Habsburg Empire was ethnically and linguistically unified.
Answer: False
Slavic nationalism contributed to the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire.
Answer: True
The Balkans were considered the ‘cradle of civilization’ in Europe.
Answer: False
Industrialization strengthened the middle class and promoted liberalism.
Answer: True
The defeat of Napoleon was followed by the Congress of Vienna in 1815.
Answer: True
The liberals in the 19th century demanded autocratic rule.
Answer: False
The idea of nationalism led to unification as well as disintegration of empires.
Answer: True
Revolutionaries like Mazzini inspired future generations of nationalists.
Answer: True
The unification of Italy was completed in 1870.
Answer: True
Germany was unified under the leadership of France.
Answer: False
The French Revolution emphasized fraternity among citizens.
Answer: True
Balkans were under Ottoman control during the early 19th century.
Answer: True
Nationalist tensions in the Balkans led to the First World War.
Answer: True
The Frankfurt Parliament was held in the year 1871.
Answer: False
The Greek War of Independence was supported by nationalist feelings across Europe.
Answer: True
Napoleon restored monarchies in all the countries he conquered.
Answer: False
The British Parliament passed the Act of Union to merge Scotland and England.
Answer: True
The idea of nationalism always promoted peace and harmony.
Answer: False
The French Revolutionaries used symbols like Liberty and the Cap.
Answer: True
Nationalism emphasized equal rights for all regardless of gender.
Answer: False
Germany and Italy were both unified by revolutionary movements.
Answer: False
The 1848 revolutions in Europe were led entirely by the working class.
Answer: False
Romantic artists tried to create a sense of shared collective heritage.
Answer: True
The nation-state is a concept that emerged prominently in the 19th century.
Answer: True

Long Answer Questions

Q: Explain the significance of Frederic Sorrieu’s painting.
A: Frederic Sorrieu’s painting of 1848 visualizes a world made up of ‘democratic and social Republics.’ In the foreground, people of Europe and America are shown marching with national flags, symbolizing nationalism. It reflects the hopes of unity and liberty in the 19th century.

Q: What changes did the French Revolution bring in France and how did it promote nationalism?
A: The French Revolution abolished the monarchy, established a republic, and introduced ideas like liberty, equality, and fraternity. It introduced a unified administrative system, abolished internal customs, introduced the tricolour flag, and encouraged the use of a common language—all of which promoted nationalism.

Q: Describe any five reforms introduced by Napoleon to modernise Europe.
A:

Introduced the Civil Code (1804) ensuring equality before law.
Secured the right to property.
Abolished feudal privileges.
Standardised weights and measures.
Improved transport and communication.

Q: What was the Napoleonic Code? How did it benefit and harm European countries?
A: The Napoleonic Code abolished feudal privileges, ensured legal equality, and allowed freedom of profession. However, it also restricted individual freedom under authoritarian rule and imposed French domination over Europe.

Q: Define the concept of a ‘nation-state’. How did it emerge in 19th-century Europe?
A: A nation-state is one where people share a common identity, language, culture, and history. It emerged after revolutions, wars, and political movements in Europe aimed at unifying fragmented kingdoms under centralized governments.

Q: Discuss the role of language and culture in the development of nationalism in Europe.
A: Language and culture fostered national identity. Folk tales, music, poetry, and shared traditions helped people connect emotionally with their nation, especially under foreign rule. Examples include Grimm Brothers’ collection in Germany and the promotion of Polish language despite Russian repression.

Q: Explain the role of Giuseppe Mazzini in spreading nationalism.
A: Mazzini founded secret societies like Young Italy to promote unity and republicanism. He believed nations are divine creations and opposed monarchy. His writings and revolutionary activities inspired youth across Europe.

Q: What was the significance of the 1830 Revolution in France?
A: It overthrew the Bourbon monarchy and established a constitutional monarchy under Louis Philippe. It also inspired uprisings in Belgium, Poland, and Italy, fueling the spread of nationalism.

Q: Why did the 1848 revolution in France occur and what was its outcome?
A: The revolution was driven by unemployment, food shortages, and political repression. It led to the establishment of a republic, universal male suffrage, and reforms in labour and education.

Q: What was the Frankfurt Parliament and why did it fail?
A: Convened in 1848, it aimed to unify Germany under a constitutional monarchy. It failed due to lack of support from Prussian monarchy and internal divisions among liberals.

Q: Describe the process of unification of Germany.
A: Otto von Bismarck led the unification using policy of ‘blood and iron’. Three wars—against Denmark, Austria, and France—united various German states under Prussian leadership. In 1871, Germany was proclaimed a nation.

Q: Explain the role of Otto von Bismarck in German unification.
A: Bismarck used Realpolitik, strengthened the military, and waged wars to unite Germany. His strategic diplomacy isolated Austria and defeated France, bringing all German states under Kaiser Wilhelm I.

Q: Describe the role of Garibaldi in Italian unification.
A: Garibaldi led the Red Shirts, liberated Sicily and Naples, and handed them to King Victor Emmanuel II. His military campaigns were crucial in achieving southern Italy’s unification.

Q: How did Italy become a unified country?
A: Led by Cavour in the north and Garibaldi in the south, Italy unified through diplomacy and military conquest. Sardinia-Piedmont was central to the movement, and in 1861, Victor Emmanuel II became the king of unified Italy.

Q: Discuss the major factors responsible for the rise of nationalism in Europe.
A: Key factors included the French Revolution, Napoleonic wars, shared language and culture, industrialisation, economic liberalism, and reaction against foreign domination.

Q: What was Romanticism and how did it support nationalism?
A: Romanticism was a cultural movement that focused on emotions, nature, and national spirit. It used art, music, and literature to revive folk culture and instill pride in national heritage.

Q: What do you understand by ‘liberalism’ in the context of 19th-century Europe?
A: Liberalism meant freedom of the individual, equality before the law, representative government, and free-market economy. It played a vital role in shaping nationalist ideas.

Q: Explain how Britain became a nation-state.
A: Through the Act of Union (1707), England and Scotland united. The British Parliament imposed English culture and language over other regions. It suppressed other identities to form a unified nation.

Q: How did nationalism lead to disintegration in the Balkans?
A: The Balkan region was ethnically diverse. Nationalist movements, combined with foreign intervention and rivalry among big powers, led to conflicts, eventually disintegrating the Ottoman Empire.

Q: Explain the role of women in nationalist movements in Europe.
A: Women participated in protests, circulated nationalist literature, and raised funds. However, their political rights were denied post-revolution, showing the limitations of liberal nationalism.

Q: How did economic conditions lead to the rise of nationalism in Europe?
A: Economic hardships like food scarcity, rising population, and unemployment during the 1830s created discontent. The emerging middle class demanded political rights and reforms, fuelling nationalism across Europe.

Q: Why was the idea of nationalism opposed by the conservatives?
A: Conservatives feared that nationalism would disrupt monarchy, social hierarchy, and the multinational empires. They saw it as a threat to political stability and territorial unity.

Q: What role did the Treaty of Vienna (1815) play in shaping Europe?
A: The Treaty restored monarchies, redrew boundaries, and suppressed liberal movements. It aimed to undo Napoleon’s changes and maintain the status quo under conservative regimes.

Q: Explain the concept of ‘conservatism’ in 19th-century Europe.
A: Conservatism favored monarchy, social hierarchy, and the church. It sought to restore traditional institutions and resist revolutionary ideas of liberty and equality.

Q: Describe the impact of the 1830 and 1848 revolutions on Europe.
A: These revolutions challenged monarchies, spread liberal ideas, and inspired nationalist movements in Poland, Italy, and Germany. Though many failed, they laid groundwork for future unification.

Q: How did peasants and artisans participate in European revolutions?
A: They protested against feudal dues, high taxes, and economic hardship. In Poland and Hungary, peasants joined nationalist uprisings demanding land and political rights.

Q: Discuss the role of the middle class in the growth of nationalism.
A: The educated middle class—comprising lawyers, teachers, merchants—led revolutions, spread liberal-nationalist ideas, and demanded constitutional rights and economic reforms.

Q: Explain the role of print culture in the spread of nationalism.
A: Newspapers, books, and pamphlets spread nationalist messages, educated the masses, and united people by narrating shared history and common struggles.

Q: How was the idea of nationalism visualised by artists?
A: Artists used female allegories like Marianne (France) and Germania (Germany) to personify the nation. National flags, emblems, and revolutionary scenes promoted unity and pride.

Q: Describe the conditions of the Balkans and why it became a centre of nationalist tension.
A: The Balkans had diverse ethnic groups under Ottoman control. Nationalist aspirations clashed, and foreign powers exploited the situation, making it a flashpoint of tension.

Q: What do you mean by ‘allegory’? Explain with examples from European nationalism.
A: Allegory is a symbolic representation. Nations were personified—Marianne represented France (liberty, reason), while Germania represented Germany (strength, unity).

Q: What lessons did European nationalists learn from the failure of revolutions?
A: They realized that armed uprisings without mass support or military strength would fail. Future movements combined military strategy, diplomacy, and popular support.

Q: Explain how nationalism was a double-edged sword in Europe.
A: While it unified Germany and Italy, it also led to conflicts in multi-ethnic regions like the Balkans. It fostered unity but also sowed seeds of disintegration.

Q: What role did the clergy and nobility play in the nationalist movements?
A: Initially, many resisted change. However, later, sections of the nobility supported unification for power consolidation. Clergy remained largely conservative, fearing loss of influence.

Q: Why did liberal nationalists criticize the Treaty of Vienna?
A: It disregarded people’s rights and aspirations. Monarchs were restored without public consent, which angered nationalists who wanted constitutional rule and national self-determination.

Q: Discuss the significance of the Zollverein in German unification.
A: Zollverein was a customs union formed by Prussia. It removed tariff barriers among German states, promoted economic unity, and paved the way for political unification.

Q: How did industrialisation contribute to nationalism in Europe?
A: It led to the rise of an urban middle class who demanded rights and representation. Improved communication and economic networks fostered shared national interests.

Q: Describe the military campaigns that led to the unification of Italy.
A: Italy was unified through wars with Austria, popular uprisings, and diplomatic alliances. Cavour secured northern Italy, Garibaldi unified the south, and Rome was annexed in 1870.

Q: Why was the unification of Germany considered a diplomatic and military triumph?
A: Bismarck used diplomacy to isolate enemies and won wars to unite states. His leadership turned fragmented principalities into a powerful unified empire under Prussia.

Q: Explain the relationship between nationalism and imperialism in 19th-century Europe.
A: Nationalist pride led to competition among European powers, resulting in imperialist expansion and colonial rivalry, contributing to global conflicts like World War I.

Q: How did the idea of nation-states affect multi-national empires?
A: It led to internal strife, as ethnic groups demanded independence. Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires struggled to suppress nationalist aspirations, leading to their decline.

Q: Discuss the impact of revolutions on the social order in Europe.
A: They challenged feudal privileges, promoted meritocracy, and encouraged democratic ideas. However, full equality was often denied, especially to women and the poor.

Q: Describe the role of Cavour in unification of Italy.
A: As Prime Minister of Sardinia, Cavour modernized the economy, strengthened the army, allied with France, and defeated Austria to unify northern Italy.

Q: How did the concept of nationalism differ across Europe?
A: In Western Europe, it meant unity and liberalism. In Eastern Europe and the Balkans, it meant ethnic independence and cultural revival against foreign rule.

Q: Why was the period of 1830–1848 significant in the history of European nationalism?
A: It saw multiple revolutions, the spread of liberal-nationalist ideas, the rise of political clubs, and demands for constitutionalism and self-determination.

Q: What were the symbols used by European nationalists to promote unity?
A: National flags, anthems, allegories like Marianne and Germania, and folk traditions were used to foster unity and collective identity.

Q: Explain how nationalism became a mass movement in the 19th century.
A: It engaged peasants, workers, and the middle class through political reforms, economic demands, cultural revival, and mass mobilization in revolutions.

Q: What challenges did the new nation-states face after unification?
A: They had to integrate diverse regions, build centralised administrations, manage economic disparities, and suppress regional identities.

Q: Discuss how liberalism and nationalism were connected in 19th-century Europe.
A: Both aimed at freedom and self-governance. Liberalism promoted individual rights, while nationalism advocated for sovereign nations reflecting collective identities.

Q: How did the rise of nationalism in Europe influence the rest of the world?
A: It inspired anti-colonial struggles in Asia and Africa. Concepts of self-rule, identity, and sovereignty were adopted by emerging nationalist leaders globally.

Give Reasons

Q: Give reason: The French Revolution became a source of inspiration for nationalist movements in Europe.
A: It introduced ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity, which influenced people to fight for their own nation, identity, and political rights.

Q: Give reason: Napoleon’s administrative reforms were appreciated in many European regions.
A: His reforms established a uniform legal system, efficient administration, and ended feudal privileges, which appealed to the middle class.

Q: Give reason: Many people in Europe resented Napoleon’s rule.
A: His expansionist wars led to economic exploitation and suppression of local liberties, causing resentment despite reforms.

Q: Give reason: The Treaty of Vienna (1815) was unpopular among liberals and nationalists.
A: It restored monarchies and disregarded the people’s right to self-determination, reversing gains of earlier revolutions.

Q: Give reason: The concept of nation-states spread rapidly in 19th-century Europe.
A: People shared common language, history, and culture, and wanted political unification and independence from foreign rule.

Q: Give reason: Romanticism played a crucial role in the growth of nationalism.
A: It glorified folk traditions, language, and culture, promoting emotional unity and pride among people.

Q: Give reason: Language became a powerful tool in uniting people.
A: Common language helped in communication, education, and developing a collective national identity.

Q: Give reason: The Polish language was used as a weapon of resistance.
A: After Russian occupation, Poles promoted their language in religious and cultural life to preserve national identity.

Q: Give reason: The 1830s were marked by the emergence of national movements in Europe.
A: Economic hardship and inspiration from the July Revolution in France led to uprisings in Belgium, Poland, and Italy.

Q: Give reason: The Zollverein helped in the economic unification of Germany.
A: It abolished internal tariffs and created a common market, fostering economic unity among German states.

Q: Give reason: The Frankfurt Parliament failed to unite Germany.
A: Lack of support from monarchy and military, and exclusion of peasants and workers, led to its failure.

Q: Give reason: Bismarck adopted a policy of ‘blood and iron’ for unification.
A: He believed military power and wars were essential to unite German states under Prussian leadership.

Q: Give reason: Italy faced difficulties in unification.
A: It was divided into many states with different rulers, and foreign powers like Austria controlled key territories.

Q: Give reason: Cavour is regarded as the architect of modern Italy.
A: Through diplomacy, reforms, and military alliances, he united northern Italy and paved the way for national unity.

Q: Give reason: Garibaldi was important in Italian unification.
A: He led the Red Shirts to liberate southern Italy and handed over territories to the King, aiding unification.

Q: Give reason: The Papal States were a barrier to Italian unification.
A: The Pope opposed nationalistic movements and controlled central Italy, delaying the integration of the region.

Q: Give reason: The Balkans became a region of political unrest.
A: Ethnic tensions and nationalist aspirations clashed with imperial interests, causing instability.

Q: Give reason: Nationalism in the Balkans led to conflicts.
A: Diverse ethnic groups wanted separate nation-states, resulting in competition, rivalry, and war.

Q: Give reason: Britain’s nationalism was not marked by revolution.
A: It evolved through parliamentary reforms and gradual extension of democratic rights, not violent revolutions.

Q: Give reason: Symbols like flags and anthems became important for nationalism.
A: They helped unify people emotionally and culturally under a shared identity.

Q: Give reason: Allegories were used in art to personify nations.
A: Abstract concepts like liberty and nationhood were made relatable through human figures like Marianne and Germania.

Q: Give reason: The French Revolution inspired liberalism across Europe.
A: It overthrew monarchy and emphasized liberty, equality, and fraternity, which appealed to emerging nationalists.

Q: Give reason: European conservatives restored monarchies after 1815.
A: They aimed to maintain traditional power structures and suppress revolutionary ideas.

Q: Give reason: The Industrial Revolution supported nationalism.
A: It created a powerful middle class and improved communication, encouraging national integration.

Q: Give reason: Peasants joined nationalist movements.
A: They sought land reforms, end of feudal dues, and better economic conditions.

Q: Give reason: Cultural movements supported the growth of nationalism.
A: Revival of local languages, history, and folklore fostered pride and unity among people.

Q: Give reason: The German unification changed the European balance of power.
A: A strong, unified Germany emerged as a dominant force, altering political and military dynamics.

Q: Give reason: Nationalism led to imperialism.
A: Nations sought to expand and assert power globally, leading to colonial conquests.

Q: Give reason: Nationalism could lead to disintegration.
A: In multi-ethnic empires, it caused division and demands for separate nations, weakening unity.

Q: Give reason: The rise of nationalism led to World War I.
A: Aggressive nationalist sentiments and rivalries among European powers contributed to the outbreak of war.

Q: Give reason: Liberals wanted a constitution.
A: They aimed to limit the powers of monarchs and establish a government based on laws and civil rights.

Q: Give reason: 1848 revolutions failed despite mass participation.
A: Lack of unity, military suppression, and absence of common leadership caused the revolutions to fail.

Q: Give reason: Nationalist leaders faced exile and repression.
A: Monarchs and conservative regimes feared rebellion and suppressed revolutionary movements.

Q: Give reason: Balkan nationalism weakened the Ottoman Empire.
A: Frequent uprisings by different ethnic groups eroded its control and invited foreign intervention.

Q: Give reason: Artists promoted nationalism through their works.
A: They visually depicted unity, struggles, and ideals of the nation, evoking patriotic feelings.

Q: Give reason: France became a model of modern nation-state.
A: It had centralized administration, national laws, a common language, and symbols of unity.

Q: Give reason: Education was used to spread nationalist ideas.
A: Nationalist leaders used schools and textbooks to instil pride and awareness among young citizens.

Q: Give reason: The printing press supported nationalism.
A: It allowed widespread circulation of ideas, history, and political messages, uniting people.

Q: Give reason: Bismarck used realpolitik in unification.
A: He prioritized practical goals over ideology, using war, diplomacy, and manipulation to achieve unification.

Q: Give reason: Austria was opposed to German unification.
A: It feared losing influence and power within the German Confederation to Prussia.

Q: Give reason: The middle class supported nationalist movements.
A: They desired liberal reforms, political participation, and national unification for stability and growth.

Q: Give reason: Nationalism in the 19th century was linked to democracy.
A: Nationalists often fought for self-rule, constitutions, and rights, aligning with democratic ideals.

Q: Give reason: 19th-century Europe saw many secret societies.
A: These groups worked secretly to overthrow monarchies and establish national governments.

Q: Give reason: The French tricolour became a symbol of liberty.
A: It represented revolutionary ideals and united people under a common national identity.

Q: Give reason: Britain’s nationalism differed from continental Europe.
A: It developed gradually through evolution, not revolution, with earlier constitutional monarchy.

Q: Give reason: Balkan states often fought with each other.
A: Competing territorial claims and ethnic rivalries led to constant conflicts.

Q: Give reason: The Napoleonic Code had long-lasting effects.
A: It standardized laws, property rights, and civil liberties, influencing legal systems across Europe.

Q: Give reason: Foreign powers intervened in Balkan affairs.
A: Strategic interest and desire to gain influence over weakening Ottoman territories drew foreign involvement.

Q: Give reason: Economic factors played a role in nationalism.
A: Trade barriers, industrial needs, and economic disparities pushed regions toward unification for prosperity.

Q: Give reason: Nationalism in Europe was both constructive and destructive.
A: While it unified nations like Germany and Italy, it also triggered wars and ethnic divisions in other regions.

Arrange the Words

Arrange the Alphabets – Questions with Hints and Answers

Q: Arrange the letters: IRMNEAAN (Hint: French female allegory)
A: MARIANNE
Q: Arrange the letters: NPAOELNO (Hint: French Emperor)
A: NAPOLEON
Q: Arrange the letters: LZOLIVREEN (Hint: German customs union)
A: ZOLLVEREIN
Q: Arrange the letters: LTVEREAISS (Hint: Site of German Empire proclamation)
A: VERSAILLES
Q: Arrange the letters: MMANEGRIA (Hint: Female symbol of German nation)
A: GERMANIA
Q: Arrange the letters: SKMIREENCT (Hint: Austrian Chancellor in 1815)
A: METTERNICH
Q: Arrange the letters: UOOVACR (Hint: Italian unification statesman)
A: CAVOUR
Q: Arrange the letters: IARMNZEEG (Hint: Represented unity of Germany)
A: GERMANIZE (acceptable close to “Germania”)
Q: Arrange the letters: IUNFCTNAIOI (Hint: Bringing different states into one nation)
A: UNIFICATION
Q: Arrange the letters: YRLITBA (Hint: Spirit of independence)
A: LIBERTY
Q: Arrange the letters: ATLNNAOSIMI (Hint: Love and loyalty to one’s nation)
A: NATIONALISM
Q: Arrange the letters: EHDATOOECR (Hint: Government ruled by the people)
A: DEMOCRATE (Typo, should be DEMOCRATE – intended: DEMOCRATE = DEMOCRAT)
Q: Arrange the letters: INARRCEFRTK (Hint: Parliament in 1848 Germany)
A: FRANKFURTER (intended word: FRANKFURT)
Q: Arrange the letters: USOPNRT (Hint: Polish uprising)
A: UPRISON (intended: UPRISON = UPRISING)
Q: Arrange the letters: LAEBNKAS (Hint: Powder keg of Europe)
A: BALKANS
Q: Arrange the letters: AYEJMZRUSA (Hint: French Revolution 1830)
A: JULY MASSARE (intended: JULY REVOLUTION)
Q: Arrange the letters: ICGEDHSE (Hint: Ruler chosen by people)
A: CHOSENED or SCHEDIGE – intended: CHIEFDGES? Possibly “CHIEFDOM”? Clarify
Q: Arrange the letters: BOIHSMLAR (Hint: German unifier by force)
A: BISMARCK
Q: Arrange the letters: NOOTSOCTUN (Hint: Government with a constitution)
A: CONSTITUTION
Q: Arrange the letters: AHTOEIRYS (Hint: Rule by one person)
A: HIERTOYAS – intended: TYRANNIES?
Q: Arrange the letters: ONERCSSG (Hint: 1815 political meeting)
A: CONGRESS
Q: Arrange the letters: ISPSCERNAO (Hint: System where monarch rules with elected body)
A: CONSTITUTIONAL
Q: Arrange the letters: DERRIPNRT (Hint: Someone who leads rebellions)
A: PRINTERED – intended: REPRINTED or REBELLION
Q: Arrange the letters: ASRMTR (Hint: Female headgear representing liberty)
A: SMARTAR – intended: TIARA or RED CAP
Q: Arrange the letters: ENIRZCAO (Hint: Bringing a state into a new structure)
A: ORGANIZE
Q: Arrange the letters: FRNCIHPE (Hint: Language of France)
A: FRENCH
Q: Arrange the letters: IDAENTSYI (Hint: Sense of belonging)
A: IDENTITY
Q: Arrange the letters: NCELEDASR (Hint: To reduce intensity)
A: CALENDERS – intended: DECLARES or RELACENDS
Q: Arrange the letters: MTAONH (Hint: French month associated with revolution)
A: MONTHA – intended: THERMIDOR?
Q: Arrange the letters: HTGHUS (Hint: Synonym of fight)
A: SUGHTH – intended: THRUSH or FIGHTS
Q: Arrange the letters: PSRURIA (Hint: German kingdom)
A: PRUSSIA
Q: Arrange the letters: MCROTAANISM (Hint: Cultural pride movement)
A: ROMANTICISM
Q: Arrange the letters: YGELALRO (Hint: Personified symbol)
A: ALLEGORY
Q: Arrange the letters: SIPALSTM (Hint: Devotion to nation over region)
A: PALMISTS – intended: NATIONALISM
Q: Arrange the letters: RALFIEY (Hint: Represents peace)
A: FAIRLEY – intended: FAIRY or RALLY – clarify
Q: Arrange the letters: AKNOCIML (Hint: Related to economy)
A: ECONOMIC
Q: Arrange the letters: UYRTARH (Hint: Historical document)
A: CHARTER
Q: Arrange the letters: SUINNO (Hint: Joining states)
A: UNION
Q: Arrange the letters: ESATET (Hint: Section of society)
A: ESTATE
Q: Arrange the letters: EHTSRIRTOAY (Hint: Study of past)
A: HISTORY
Q: Arrange the letters: RVEREOTLINU (Hint: Sudden political change)
A: REVOLUTION
Q: Arrange the letters: CPURITEL (Hint: Right to speak)
A: LECTURIP – intended: LECTURE or REPUBLIC
Q: Arrange the letters: LNTAIPRIOAT (Hint: Loyalty to nation)
A: PATRIOTINAL – intended: PATRIOTISM
Q: Arrange the letters: SSENGEGRCO (Hint: Political conference)
A: CONGRESS
Q: Arrange the letters: IROTYFAUNT (Hint: Final unification of Italy)
A: UNIFICATION
Q: Arrange the letters: OPACRL (Hint: Church territory in Italy)
A: PAPAL
Q: Arrange the letters: SDITURALE (Hint: Printed publications)
A: LITERADUS – intended: LITERATURE
Q: Arrange the letters: TINCHMERET (Hint: Austrian minister)
A: METTERNICH
Q: Arrange the letters: RHOSLEPOI (Hint: Enlightenment thinker)
A: PHILOSOPHER
Q: Arrange the letters: EGDRIOFLA (Hint: National personification)
A: ALLEGORID – intended: ALLEGORIED/ALLEGORIC

Case Studies

Case Study 1:
In 1848, a revolution led by the liberal middle class was launched in parts of Europe. They demanded constitutionalism, representative government, and unification. The Frankfurt Parliament was one such effort.

Q1. What was the main aim of the Frankfurt Parliament?
A1. The main aim was to draft a constitution for a unified Germany.

Q2. Why did the Frankfurt Parliament fail?
A2. It failed due to lack of support from the monarchy and the military.

Case Study 2:
Napoleon introduced several administrative reforms across Europe such as the Napoleonic Code, which removed privileges based on birth and introduced a uniform legal system.

Q1. How did the Napoleonic Code contribute to nationalism?
A1. It introduced equality before law and inspired ideas of liberty and unity.

Case Study 3:
The German unification was largely achieved through the efforts of Prussia under Bismarck. Wars with Denmark, Austria, and France were decisive.

Q1. Who led the unification of Germany?
A1. Otto von Bismarck, the Chief Minister of Prussia.

Q2. When was the German Empire proclaimed?
A2. In 1871 at the Palace of Versailles.

Case Study 4:
Cavour played a crucial role in Italian unification. He used diplomacy, military alliances, and war to drive out the Austrians and unify Italy.

Q1. Which region did Cavour belong to?
A1. He belonged to the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont.

Q2. What method did Cavour mainly use to unify Italy?
A2. Diplomacy and strategic alliances.

Case Study 5:
The 1830 Revolution in France led to the overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy and the rise of Louis Philippe. This inspired revolts across Europe.

Q1. What was the outcome of the 1830 Revolution in France?
A1. Establishment of a constitutional monarchy under Louis Philippe.

Case Study 6:
The Balkan region was a hotbed of nationalist tensions. Different ethnic groups under Ottoman rule wanted independence.

Q1. Why was the Balkan region called the “Powder Keg of Europe”?
A1. Because of intense nationalist movements and frequent conflicts.

Case Study 7:
Romanticism was a cultural movement that glorified the nation and its folk traditions, music, and language.

Q1. How did Romanticism aid nationalism?
A1. By creating a sense of shared cultural identity and pride.

Case Study 8:
The Zollverein was a customs union formed in the German states in the 1830s. It removed tariff barriers and standardized currencies.

Q1. What was the impact of the Zollverein?
A1. It economically unified the German states and encouraged political unity.

Case Study 9:
The painting “Germania” personified the German nation with symbols such as the crown of oak leaves, sword, and black-red-gold flag.

Q1. What did the crown of oak leaves in the painting “Germania” represent?
A1. Heroism and valor.

Case Study 10:
Marianne became the symbol of the French Republic, appearing on coins, stamps, and public buildings.

Q1. What values did Marianne symbolize?
A1. Liberty, reason, and the spirit of the Republic.

Case Study 11:
In 1815, the Congress of Vienna redrew the map of Europe to restore monarchies and suppress revolutionary ideas.

Q1. Who hosted the Congress of Vienna?
A1. Austrian Chancellor Metternich.

Case Study 12:
Giuseppe Mazzini founded Young Italy and aimed to create a unified, republican Italian state.

Q1. What was the motto of Young Italy?
A1. “God, People, and Italy.”

Case Study 13:
In the 19th century, nation-states became the dominant political units, replacing dynastic empires.

Q1. What is a nation-state?
A1. A state where people share a common identity, culture, and government.

Case Study 14:
Peasants in Poland revolted in 1831 but were crushed by the Russian army.

Q1. What did the Polish struggle symbolize for other Europeans?
A1. The fight for national independence.

Case Study 15:
In Hungary and Bohemia, nationalist aspirations were crushed by the Austrian Empire.

Q1. Why were these aspirations suppressed?
A1. To maintain imperial control and prevent disintegration.

Case Study 16:
Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III) came to power in France through elections in 1848.

Q1. What type of government did Louis Napoleon establish later?
A1. A monarchy – the Second Empire.

Case Study 17:
In 1867, Hungary was granted partial autonomy, creating the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Q1. What was the political arrangement of this empire?
A1. Dual monarchy with shared foreign policy.

Case Study 18:
During the 19th century, nationalist ideas spread via newspapers, plays, and songs.

Q1. Why were cultural mediums important for nationalism?
A1. They promoted common identity and awareness.

Case Study 19:
After German unification, the empire adopted Prussian kingship and a constitution with limited democracy.

Q1. What type of government did Germany have after 1871?
A1. Monarchy with some constitutional features.

Case Study 20:
Nationalist feelings often clashed with imperial interests, leading to wars in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Q1. How did nationalism contribute to instability in Europe?
A1. It led to conflict between ethnic groups and empires.

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Chapter - 01 - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

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