ICSE – Grade 8 – Biology – Ch 01 – QA

Questions & Answers

ICSE - Grade - 8

Subject: Biology

Chapter - 01 - Transportation in Plants

Types of Questions

MCQ

  1. Which tissue is responsible for the upward conduction of water in plants?
    A) Phloem
    B) Parenchyma
     C) Xylem
     D) Collenchyma
     Answer: C) Xylem


  2. The main conducting elements in xylem are:
    A) Sieve tubes and companion cells
    B) Tracheids and vessels
     C) Guard cells and stomata
     D) Fibres and parenchyma
     Answer: B) Tracheids and vessels


  3. Which part of the root absorbs water and minerals from the soil?
    A) Root cap
    B) Cortex
     C) Root hairs
     D) Xylem
     Answer: C) Root hairs


  4. The transport of prepared food in plants is done by:
    A) Xylem
    B) Cambium
     C) Phloem
     D) Epidermis
     Answer: C) Phloem


  5. Which of the following is a living component of xylem?
    A) Tracheids
    B) Vessels
     C) Xylem parenchyma
     D) Xylem fibres
     Answer: C) Xylem parenchyma


  6. Which of these provides mechanical strength to the plant?
    A) Phloem parenchyma
    B) Xylem vessels
     C) Xylem fibres
     D) Companion cells
     Answer: C) Xylem fibres


  7. The process of loss of water in the form of vapour from leaves is called:
    A) Respiration
    B) Photosynthesis
     C) Transpiration
     D) Guttation
     Answer: C) Transpiration


  8. Phloem fibres are also known as:
    A) Wood fibres
    B) Tracheids
     C) Bast fibres
     D) Vessels
     Answer: C) Bast fibres


  9. Which process does not require energy for movement of molecules?
    A) Active transport
    B) Osmosis
     C) Endocytosis
     D) Phagocytosis
     Answer: B) Osmosis


  10. Which component of phloem lacks a nucleus at maturity?
    A) Companion cells
    B) Phloem parenchyma
     C) Sieve tubes
     D) Phloem fibres
     Answer: C) Sieve tubes

 

  1. Water moves from root hairs to xylem through:
    A) Diffusion
    B) Osmosis
     C) Transpiration
     D) Both A and B
     Answer: D) Both A and B


  2. Translocation of food is carried out by:
    A) Xylem
    B) Phloem
     C) Parenchyma
     D) Cambium
     Answer: B) Phloem


  3. Which of the following forces helps in ascent of sap?
    A) Root pressure
    B) Capillary force
     C) Transpirational pull
     D) All of these
     Answer: D) All of these


  4. The only dead component of phloem is:
    A) Sieve tubes
    B) Phloem parenchyma
     C) Phloem fibres
     D) Companion cells
     Answer: C) Phloem fibres


  5. Active transport involves movement of substances:
    A) Along concentration gradient
    B) Against concentration gradient
     C) Randomly
     D) Through diffusion
     Answer: B) Against concentration gradient


  6. Which cell controls the function of sieve tubes?
    A) Phloem parenchyma
    B) Xylem parenchyma
     C) Companion cells
     D) Guard cells
     Answer: C) Companion cells


  7. Transpirational pull is created due to:
    A) Root pressure
    B) Loss of water from leaves
     C) Photosynthesis
     D) Food transport
     Answer: B) Loss of water from leaves


  8. Capillary force depends on:
    A) Gravity
    B) Adhesion and cohesion
     C) Transpiration
     D) Diffusion
     Answer: B) Adhesion and cohesion


  9. The process of water movement through a semi-permeable membrane is called:
    A) Osmosis
    B) Diffusion
     C) Transpiration
     D) Evaporation
     Answer: A) Osmosis


  10. Which cells in xylem have pits for lateral conduction?
    A) Vessels
    B) Tracheids
     C) Fibres
     D) Parenchyma
     Answer: B) Tracheids

 

  1. Which component of phloem stores food?
    A) Companion cells
    B) Phloem parenchyma
     C) Phloem fibres
     D) Sieve tubes
     Answer: B) Phloem parenchyma


  2. Which structure increases the surface area for absorption in roots?
    A) Epidermis
    B) Root cap
     C) Root hair
     D) Cortex
     Answer: C) Root hair


  3. Direction of transport in xylem is:
    A) Only upward
    B) Only downward
     C) Both directions
     D) Circular
     Answer: A) Only upward


  4. Which one is a dead tissue at maturity?
    A) Companion cells
    B) Sieve tubes
     C) Xylem vessels
     D) Phloem parenchyma
     Answer: C) Xylem vessels


  5. Movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration is:
    A) Osmosis
    B) Diffusion
     C) Active transport
     D) Endocytosis
     Answer: B) Diffusion


  6. In tall plants, which force mainly pulls water upward?
    A) Capillary force
    B) Root pressure
     C) Transpirational pull
     D) Osmosis
     Answer: C) Transpirational pull


  7. Which xylem component is responsible for storage of food?
    A) Tracheids
    B) Vessels
     C) Xylem parenchyma
     D) Fibres
     Answer: C) Xylem parenchyma


  8. Which process cools the plant surface?
    A) Osmosis
    B) Transpiration
     C) Respiration
     D) Translocation
     Answer: B) Transpiration


  9. Water enters root hair cells due to:
    A) Endocytosis
    B) Osmosis
     C) Diffusion
     D) Active transport
     Answer: B) Osmosis


  10. The mineral essential for chlorophyll formation is:
    A) Nitrogen
    B) Potassium
     C) Magnesium
     D) Iron
     Answer: C) Magnesium

 

  1. Food is transported from:
    A) Roots to leaves
    B) Leaves to other parts
     C) Stem to roots
     D) Roots to stem
     Answer: B) Leaves to other parts


  2. Which is a passive process?
    A) Active transport
    B) Osmosis
     C) Endocytosis
     D) Phagocytosis
     Answer: B) Osmosis


  3. Sieve plates are found in:
    A) Vessels
    B) Phloem fibres
     C) Sieve tubes
     D) Tracheids
     Answer: C) Sieve tubes


  4. The only component of xylem that is alive is:
    A) Tracheids
    B) Vessels
     C) Xylem parenchyma
     D) Xylem fibres
     Answer: C) Xylem parenchyma


  5. The upward movement of water and minerals is known as:
    A) Transpiration
    B) Translocation
     C) Ascent of sap
     D) Root pressure
     Answer: C) Ascent of sap


  6. Loss of water from leaves creates a:
    A) Root pressure
    B) Capillary force
     C) Transpirational pull
     D) Vacuum
     Answer: C) Transpirational pull


  7. Movement of food in phloem is called:
    A) Diffusion
    B) Ascent of sap
     C) Translocation
     D) Active transport
     Answer: C) Translocation


  8. Which process helps absorb mineral salts against concentration gradient?
    A) Diffusion
    B) Osmosis
     C) Active transport
     D) Transpiration
     Answer: C) Active transport


  9. Which of the following is NOT a component of xylem?
    A) Tracheids
    B) Vessels
     C) Companion cells
     D) Xylem parenchyma
     Answer: C) Companion cells


  10. Root pressure is more prominent during:
    A) Day
    B) Night
     C) Noon
     D) Evening
     Answer: B) Night

 

  1. Which part of the root helps penetrate soil?
    A) Cortex
    B) Root hairs
     C) Root cap
     D) Epidermis
     Answer: C) Root cap


  2. Which structure prevents backflow in sieve tubes?
    A) Sieve plate
    B) Companion cell
     C) Phloem fibre
     D) Guard cell
     Answer: A) Sieve plate


  3. Stomata are found in:
    A) Root hairs
    B) Xylem
     C) Leaf epidermis
     D) Bark
     Answer: C) Leaf epidermis


  4. The food made by plants is mainly in the form of:
    A) Proteins
    B) Glucose
     C) Sucrose
     D) Starch
     Answer: C) Sucrose


  5. Which mineral helps in seed and fruit formation?
    A) Potassium
    B) Calcium
     C) Phosphorus
     D) Sulphur
     Answer: C) Phosphorus


  6. The function of companion cells is to:
    A) Store food
    B) Control sieve tubes
     C) Carry water
     D) Provide strength
     Answer: B) Control sieve tubes


  7. Water enters the root by:
    A) Transpiration
    B) Active transport
     C) Diffusion
     D) Osmosis
     Answer: D) Osmosis


  8. Water escapes through small openings in leaves called:
    A) Stomata
    B) Trichomes
     C) Lenticels
     D) Hydathodes
     Answer: A) Stomata


  9. Movement of minerals from soil to root hair is by:
    A) Osmosis
    B) Active transport
     C) Diffusion
     D) Transpiration
     Answer: B) Active transport


  10. Which is a difference between xylem and phloem?
    A) Both transport water
    B) Xylem is living, phloem is dead
     C) Xylem has unidirectional flow, phloem is bidirectional
     D) Both have vessels
     Answer: C) Xylem has unidirectional flow, phloem is bidirectional

Fill in the Blanks

  1. The upward movement of water and minerals in a plant is called _______.
    Answer: Ascent of sap

  2. The tissue responsible for transport of water in plants is _______.
    Answer: Xylem

  3. The tissue responsible for transport of food in plants is _______.
    Answer: Phloem

  4. The main conducting elements of xylem are _______ and _______.
    Answer: Tracheids, Vessels

  5. The living component of xylem is _______.
    Answer: Xylem parenchyma

  6. The only dead component of phloem is _______.
    Answer: Phloem fibres

  7. Food is transported in plants in the form of _______.
    Answer: Sucrose

  8. The part of the plant responsible for water absorption is _______.
    Answer: Root hair

  9. The process by which water moves from a region of higher to lower concentration through a semi-permeable membrane is called _______.
    Answer: Osmosis

  10. The process by which minerals move against the concentration gradient using energy is called _______.
    Answer: Active transport

 

  1. The process by which molecules move from a region of higher to lower concentration is called _______.
    Answer: Diffusion

  2. The loss of water in the form of vapour from aerial parts of the plant is called _______.
    Answer: Transpiration

  3. The force responsible for pulling water upward through the plant during transpiration is called _______.
    Answer: Transpirational pull

  4. A large number of _______ increase the surface area of roots for absorption.
    Answer: Root hairs

  5. The opening and closing of stomata are controlled by _______ cells.
    Answer: Guard

  6. The food manufactured in leaves is transported to other parts through _______.
    Answer: Phloem

  7. The direction of transport in xylem is always _______.
    Answer: Upward

  8. The direction of transport in phloem is _______.
    Answer: Bidirectional

  9. The process of food transport in plants is known as _______.
    Answer: Translocation

  10. Transpiration helps in _______ the plant during hot weather.
    Answer: Cooling

 

  1. Root hairs are an extension of the _______ layer of roots.
    Answer: Epidermal

  2. Xylem fibres are also called _______ fibres.
    Answer: Wood

  3. Phloem fibres are also called _______ fibres.
    Answer: Bast

  4. The tissue that provides mechanical support in xylem is _______.
    Answer: Xylem fibres

  5. The xylem component responsible for lateral conduction is _______.
    Answer: Tracheids

  6. The component of phloem that controls the sieve tubes is the _______.
    Answer: Companion cell

  7. Water is absorbed by root hairs by the process of _______.
    Answer: Osmosis

  8. The food in plants is transported in the form of _______ sugar.
    Answer: Sucrose

  9. Minerals are absorbed from the soil by the process of _______.
    Answer: Active transport

  10. The pressure that develops in the roots to push water upward is called _______.
    Answer: Root pressure

 

  1. The suction force created due to transpiration is called _______.
    Answer: Transpirational pull

  2. The main function of phloem parenchyma is to _______ food.
    Answer: Store

  3. The living components of phloem include sieve tubes, companion cells and _______.
    Answer: Phloem parenchyma

  4. The process that does not require energy is called _______ transport.
    Answer: Passive

  5. The process that requires energy from the plant is called _______ transport.
    Answer: Active

  6. Vessels are present in _______ and are absent in most gymnosperms.
    Answer: Angiosperms

  7. Phloem sieve tubes have perforated end walls called _______.
    Answer: Sieve plates

  8. Transpiration occurs mostly through _______ present in leaves.
    Answer: Stomata

  9. The main force responsible for upward water movement in tall trees is _______.
    Answer: Transpirational pull

  10. Water enters the root hair cells due to the high _______ potential of soil solution.
    Answer: Water

 

  1. Xylem conducts water and minerals from _______ to _______.
    Answer: Roots, leaves

  2. The presence of pits in tracheids and vessels helps in _______ conduction of water.
    Answer: Lateral

  3. The tissue that transports food is made up of sieve tubes and _______ cells.
    Answer: Companion

  4. Root pressure occurs due to active transport of _______ into the xylem.
    Answer: Minerals

  5. The narrow tubes in plants where water rises due to surface tension and adhesion are an example of _______ action.
    Answer: Capillary

  6. Transpiration helps in maintaining the flow of _______ from roots to leaves.
    Answer: Water

  7. During osmosis, water moves through a _______ membrane.
    Answer: Semi-permeable

  8. Xylem vessels are _______ at maturity.
    Answer: Dead

  9. The main function of xylem is the conduction of _______ and _______.
    Answer: Water, minerals

  10. The primary function of phloem is the transport of _______ from leaves to other plant parts.
    Answer: Food

Name the Following

  1. The tissue responsible for transport of water in plants.
    Answer: Xylem

  2. The tissue responsible for transport of food in plants.
    Answer: Phloem

  3. Dead elements of xylem.
    Answer: Tracheids, vessels, xylem fibres

  4. Living element of xylem.
    Answer: Xylem parenchyma

  5. Main conducting elements of xylem.
    Answer: Tracheids and vessels

  6. Living components of phloem.
    Answer: Sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma

  7. Only dead component of phloem.
    Answer: Phloem fibres

  8. Tissue that transports water only in an upward direction.
    Answer: Xylem

  9. Tissue that transports food in both upward and downward directions.
    Answer: Phloem

  10. Plant structure that increases surface area for absorption.
    Answer: Root hairs

  11. Type of cells that control the opening and closing of stomata.
    Answer: Guard cells

  12. Loss of water in vapour form from aerial parts of the plant.
    Answer: Transpiration

  13. Pulling force that helps in upward movement of water in plants.
    Answer: Transpirational pull

  14. Process by which minerals are absorbed from soil against concentration gradient.
    Answer: Active transport

  15. Process by which water moves through a semi-permeable membrane.
    Answer: Osmosis

  16. Movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration.
    Answer: Diffusion

  17. Pressure developed in roots that pushes water upwards.
    Answer: Root pressure

  18. Force that helps water rise in very narrow tubes.
    Answer: Capillary force

  19. Term for upward movement of water and minerals in plants.
    Answer: Ascent of sap

  20. Sugar transported by phloem.
    Answer: Sucrose

  21. Process of transport of food in plants.
    Answer: Translocation

  22. Component of phloem that helps in loading of sieve tubes.
    Answer: Companion cells

  23. Type of parenchyma that stores food in phloem.
    Answer: Phloem parenchyma

  24. Fibres found in xylem.
    Answer: Wood fibres

  25. Fibres found in phloem.
    Answer: Bast fibres

  26. Vascular tissues in plants.
    Answer: Xylem and phloem

  27. Plants in which xylem vessels are present.
    Answer: Angiosperms

  28. Dead and hollow tube-like structures in xylem.
    Answer: Vessels

  29. Long, tapering cells in xylem for conduction.
    Answer: Tracheids

  30. Vascular tissue responsible for mechanical support and conduction.
    Answer: Xylem

  31. Vascular tissue responsible for food conduction.
    Answer: Phloem

  32. Tube-like cells in phloem with sieve plates.
    Answer: Sieve tubes

  33. Type of transport requiring energy.
    Answer: Active transport

  34. Type of transport not requiring energy.
    Answer: Passive transport

  35. Opening in leaves for transpiration.
    Answer: Stomata

  36. Tissue consisting of living and non-living components.
    Answer: Phloem

  37. Process by which water enters root hair cells.
    Answer: Osmosis

  38. Sugar formed in leaves during photosynthesis.
    Answer: Glucose

  39. Sugar transported in the phloem.
    Answer: Sucrose

  40. Outer layer of cells in roots.
    Answer: Epidermis

  41. Process helping in cooling the plant.
    Answer: Transpiration

  42. The structure through which transpiration mainly occurs.
    Answer: Stomata

  43. Plant structure that anchors the plant and absorbs water.
    Answer: Roots

  44. Network of conducting tissues in plants.
    Answer: Vascular system

  45. Conducting tissue that contains pits for sidewise conduction.
    Answer: Tracheids

  46. Tissue that forms the bulk of wood.
    Answer: Xylem

  47. Cells that assist sieve tubes in conduction.
    Answer: Companion cells

  48. Cells with thick walls that provide support in phloem.
    Answer: Phloem fibres

  49. Component of xylem that stores food.
    Answer: Xylem parenchyma

  50. Component of phloem that stores food.
    Answer: Phloem parenchyma

Answer in One Word

  1. Tissue that conducts water in plants.
    Answer: Xylem

  2. Tissue that conducts food in plants.
    Answer: Phloem

  3. Dead conducting xylem element.
    Answer: Vessel

  4. Living component of xylem.
    Answer: Parenchyma

  5. Functional unit of phloem.
    Answer: Sieve tube

  6. Supporting fibres of xylem.
    Answer: Sclerenchyma

  7. Only dead phloem component.
    Answer: Fibre

  8. Cell that assists sieve tube.
    Answer: Companion

  9. Food transported in plants is in this form.
    Answer: Sucrose

  10. Structure that increases root surface area.
    Answer: Root hair

 

  1. Process of upward movement of water.
    Answer: Ascent

  2. Process by which water enters root hairs.
    Answer: Osmosis

  3. Process of water loss through leaves.
    Answer: Transpiration

  4. Opening on leaf surface.
    Answer: Stomata

  5. Cells that control stomatal opening.
    Answer: Guard

  6. Transport from high to low concentration.
    Answer: Diffusion

  7. Transport against concentration gradient.
    Answer: Active

  8. Passive water movement through membrane.
    Answer: Osmosis

  9. Plant vascular system component.
    Answer: Xylem

  10. Movement of food in phloem.
    Answer: Translocation

 

  1. Pulling force during transpiration.
    Answer: Transpirational

  2. Force due to root activity.
    Answer: Pressure

  3. Movement of water in narrow tubes.
    Answer: Capillarity

  4. Living part of phloem.
    Answer: Parenchyma

  5. Water-conducting cells in xylem.
    Answer: Tracheids

  6. Xylem fibre is also called this.
    Answer: Wood

  7. Phloem fibre is also called this.
    Answer: Bast

  8. Mineral absorption mode.
    Answer: Active

  9. Food transport direction in phloem.
    Answer: Bidirectional

  10. Water transport direction in xylem.
    Answer: Upward

 

  1. Conducting system in plants.
    Answer: Vascular

  2. Sugar made during photosynthesis.
    Answer: Glucose

  3. Cell wall thickening for support.
    Answer: Lignin

  4. Transport requiring energy.
    Answer: Active

  5. Transport not requiring energy.
    Answer: Passive

  6. Plants that lack vessels.
    Answer: Gymnosperms

  7. Tissue helping in storage in xylem.
    Answer: Parenchyma

  8. Transport of water and minerals.
    Answer: Ascent

  9. Food manufactured in this plant part.
    Answer: Leaf

  10. Water-conducting xylem tissue.
    Answer: Vessel

 

  1. Transport of food is called.
    Answer: Translocation

  2. Transport of water is called.
    Answer: Conduction

  3. Term for vascular tissue unit.
    Answer: Bundle

  4. Tube with sieve plate.
    Answer: Sieve

  5. Osmosis occurs through this.
    Answer: Membrane

  6. Site of maximum transpiration.
    Answer: Leaf

  7. Sugar solution transported by phloem.
    Answer: Sucrose

  8. Pits are present in this xylem cell.
    Answer: Tracheid

  9. Major component of wood.
    Answer: Xylem

  10. Root layer where hairs arise.
    Answer: Epidermis

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Find the Odd One Out

Match the Pair

Column A

  1. Xylem
  2. Phloem
  3. Root hair
  4. Osmosis
  5. Transpiration

Column B (Shuffled)
 a. Loss of water as vapour
 b. Conducts food
 c. Passage of water through semi-permeable membrane
 d. Conducts water and minerals
 e. Absorbs water from soil

Correct Answers:
 1 – d
 2 – b
 3 – e
 4 – c
 5 – a

 

Set 2:

Column A

  1. Tracheids
  2. Sieve tubes
  3. Companion cells
  4. Xylem fibres
  5. Phloem parenchyma

Column B (Shuffled)
 a. Mechanical support
 b. Help in conduction of food
 c. Elongated cells of xylem
 d. Help sieve tubes function
 e. Living storage component of phloem

Correct Answers:
 1 – c
 2 – b
 3 – d
 4 – a
 5 – e

 

Set 3:

Column A

  1. Active transport
  2. Diffusion
  3. Water transport
  4. Food transport
  5. Xylem parenchyma

Column B (Shuffled)
 a. Conducted by phloem
 b. Requires ATP
 c. Storage in xylem
 d. Passive movement
 e. Conducted by xylem

Correct Answers:
 1 – b
 2 – d
 3 – e
 4 – a
 5 – c

 

Set 4:

Column A

  1. Root pressure
  2. Capillary force
  3. Transpirational pull
  4. Adhesion
  5. Cohesion

Column B (Shuffled)
 a. Water molecules attract xylem walls
 b. Pull due to water loss
 c. Water rises in narrow tubes
 d. Water molecules attract each other
 e. Pressure from root cells

Correct Answers:
 1 – e
 2 – c
 3 – b
 4 – a
 5 – d

 

Set 5:

Column A

  1. Semi-permeable membrane
  2. Transport in plants
  3. Leaf
  4. Stomata
  5. Phloem fibres

Column B (Shuffled)
 a. Has openings for transpiration
 b. Movement of materials
 c. Dead part of phloem
 d. Allows selective movement
 e. Site of transpiration

Correct Answers:
 1 – d
 2 – b
 3 – e
 4 – a
 5 – c

 

Set 6:

Column A

  1. Guttation
  2. Hydathodes
  3. Midrib
  4. Photosynthesis
  5. Transpiration rate

Column B (Shuffled)
 a. Increases in heat and wind
 b. Occurs during early morning
 c. Involves loss of water vapour
 d. Specialized pores
 e. Central vein of leaf

Correct Answers:
 1 – b
 2 – d
 3 – e
 4 – c
 5 – a

 

Set 7:

Column A

  1. Lignin
  2. Dead xylem cells
  3. Bidirectional flow
  4. Monocot root
  5. Dicot root

Column B (Shuffled)
 a. Found in xylem vessels
 b. Food transport direction
 c. Xylem and phloem in ring
 d. Strengthens cell wall
 e. Alternating xylem-phloem

Correct Answers:
 1 – d
 2 – a
 3 – b
 4 – e
 5 – c

 

Set 8:

Column A

  1. Sieve plates
  2. Movement of food
  3. Root cap
  4. Translocation
  5. Water potential

Column B (Shuffled)
 a. Occurs in phloem
 b. Controls water movement
 c. Protects root tip
 d. Has pores for flow
 e. Movement from source to sink

Correct Answers:
 1 – d
 2 – a
 3 – c
 4 – e
 5 – b

 

Set 9:

Column A

  1. Adhesion
  2. Cohesion
  3. Vessels
  4. Tracheids
  5. Mesophyll cells

Column B (Shuffled)
 a. Site of transpiration
 b. Water conduction in xylem
 c. Stick to xylem walls
 d. Water molecules stick together
 e. Long and tapering

Correct Answers:
 1 – c
 2 – d
 3 – b
 4 – e
 5 – a

 

Set 10:

Column A

  1. Vascular bundle
  2. Ascent of sap
  3. Water potential gradient
  4. Transpiration
  5. Food storage

Column B (Shuffled)
 a. Caused by water loss
 b. Phloem parenchyma
 c. Driving force in roots
 d. Xylem + phloem
 e. Water movement upward

Correct Answers:
 1 – d
 2 – e
 3 – c
 4 – a
 5 – b

Short Answer Questions  

  1. What is transport in plants?
     Transport in plants is the movement of water, minerals, and food from one part of the plant to another.


  2. Name the two conducting tissues in plants.
     Xylem and phloem.


  3. What does xylem transport?
     Xylem transports water and dissolved minerals from roots to aerial parts of the plant.


  4. What does phloem transport?
     Phloem transports prepared food from leaves to all parts of the plant.


  5. Name the four components of xylem.
     Tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma, and xylem fibres.


  6. Name the four components of phloem.
     Sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, and phloem fibres.


  7. Which part of xylem stores food?
     Xylem parenchyma.


  8. Which part of phloem is responsible for mechanical support?
     Phloem fibres.


  9. What is the function of tracheids and vessels?
     They conduct water and minerals.


  10. What is the function of companion cells?
     They assist sieve tubes in conduction of food.


  11. Define transpiration.
     Transpiration is the loss of water vapour from aerial parts of the plant, mainly through stomata.


  12. What is root pressure?
     Root pressure is the pressure developed in the roots that helps in pushing water upward.


  13. What is transpirational pull?
     Transpirational pull is the suction force created by transpiration that pulls water upward through the xylem.


  14. What is osmosis?
     Osmosis is the movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to lower concentration.


  15. What is diffusion?
     Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration without a membrane.


  16. What is active transport?
     Active transport is the movement of substances against the concentration gradient using energy.


  17. Why are root hairs important?
     They increase surface area for absorption of water and minerals.


  18. Why is transpiration important for plants?
     It helps in cooling the plant, maintaining turgidity, and pulling water upward.


  19. What are stomata?
     Stomata are tiny pores found mainly on the lower surface of leaves that regulate gas exchange and transpiration.


  20. What is capillary force?
     Capillary force is the tendency of water to rise in narrow tubes due to adhesion and cohesion.


  21. What are lenticels?
     Lenticels are small openings on stems that allow gaseous exchange and some transpiration.


  22. Name the force that helps water molecules stick to xylem walls.
     Adhesion.


  23. Name the force that keeps water molecules attracted to each other.
     Cohesion.


  24. How does water enter the root hair?
     By osmosis.


  25. What is the ascent of sap?
     The upward movement of water and minerals from roots to aerial parts through xylem.


  26. What are vascular tissues?
     Tissues that conduct water, minerals, and food—xylem and phloem.


  27. Name one dead component of xylem.
     Xylem vessels or xylem fibres.


  28. Name one living component of phloem.
     Sieve tubes or companion cells.


  29. Define translocation.
     The transport of food from leaves to other parts of the plant.


  30. Which plant process is responsible for loss of water vapour?
     Transpiration.


  31. Name the type of tissue involved in food conduction.
     Phloem.


  32. Where is food manufactured in plants?
     In the leaves.


  33. Which part of the plant absorbs water and minerals?
     Root hairs.


  34. How does temperature affect transpiration?
     Higher temperature increases the rate of transpiration.


  35. Which force is generated when water evaporates from leaves?
     Transpirational pull.


  36. What is the role of stomata in transpiration?
     They regulate the opening and closing for water loss.


  37. What happens to the rate of transpiration on a windy day?
     It increases.


  38. Which component of xylem provides mechanical strength?
     Xylem fibres.


  39. Which cell in phloem has a nucleus?
     Companion cell.


  40. Which process helps in upward movement of water at night?
     Root pressure.


  41. Which process is responsible for absorption of minerals?
     Active transport.


  42. What is the source in food translocation?
     Leaves where food is prepared.


  43. What is the sink in food translocation?
     Storage organs or growing parts that use or store food.


  44. Give one example of semi-permeable membrane.
     Plasma membrane.


  45. Which force helps water rise in narrow xylem vessels?
     Capillary force.


  46. Which part of the plant performs maximum transpiration?
     Leaves.


  47. Why is xylem considered a unidirectional system?
     It only conducts water and minerals upward.


  48. Why is phloem considered a bidirectional system?
     It conducts food both upward and downward.


  49. What is the main component that creates osmotic pressure in plants?
     Solute concentration in the root cells.


  50. Which mechanism is responsible for water absorption during dry conditions?
     Active transport.


Puzzles

Difference Between:

  1. Difference between Xylem and Phloem
  • Xylem transports water and minerals from roots to aerial parts.
  • Phloem transports food from leaves to all parts of the plant.

 

  1. Difference between Diffusion and Osmosis
  • Diffusion is the movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration, in gases or liquids.
  • Osmosis is the movement of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane from higher to lower water concentration.

 

  1. Difference between Active Transport and Passive Transport
  • Active transport requires energy (ATP) to move minerals against the concentration gradient.
  • Passive transport does not require energy and occurs along the concentration gradient.

 

  1. Difference between Root Pressure and Transpirational Pull
  • Root pressure is the upward force due to water absorption by roots.
  • Transpirational pull is the suction force created by water loss through stomata.

 

  1. Difference between Tracheids and Vessels
  • Tracheids are narrow, tapering cells found in all vascular plants.
  • Vessels are wide, cylindrical tubes found mainly in angiosperms for efficient water transport.

 

  1. Difference between Xylem Parenchyma and Phloem Parenchyma
  • Xylem parenchyma stores food and helps in lateral transport of water.
  • Phloem parenchyma stores organic matter and assists in the transport of food.
  1. Difference between Sieve Tubes and Companion Cells
  • Sieve tubes conduct food and have sieve plates but lack nuclei.
  • Companion cells assist sieve tubes and contain nuclei to regulate their function.

 

  1. Difference between Transpiration and Guttation
  • Transpiration is the loss of water as vapor through stomata.
  • Guttation is the exudation of water as droplets through hydathodes.

 

  1. Difference between Ascent of Sap and Translocation
  • Ascent of sap is the upward movement of water and minerals through xylem.
  • Translocation is the movement of prepared food through phloem.

 

  1. Difference between Stomata and Root Hairs
  • Stomata are pores on leaf surfaces for gas exchange and transpiration.
  • Root hairs are extensions of root epidermal cells for water and mineral absorption.

 

  1. Difference between Capillary Force and Root Pressure
  • Capillary force is the upward movement of water due to adhesion and cohesion.
  • Root pressure is the hydrostatic pressure developed by active absorption of water.

 

  1. Difference between Transport of Water and Transport of Food
  • Water is transported via xylem from roots to leaves.
  • Food is transported via phloem from leaves to all parts.

 

  1. Difference between Xylem Fibres and Phloem Fibres
  • Xylem fibres (wood fibres) provide mechanical strength to the plant.
  • Phloem fibres (bast fibres) also provide support but are fewer and occur in bundles.

 

  1. Difference between Living and Dead Tissues in Transport
  • Phloem consists mainly of living tissues like sieve tubes and companion cells.
  • Xylem mainly consists of dead tissues like tracheids and vessels.

 

  1. Difference between Lignified and Non-lignified Tissues
  • Lignified tissues (e.g., tracheids, vessels) have thick walls and are dead.
  • Non-lignified tissues (e.g., parenchyma) have thin walls and are living.

 

  1. Difference between Structural and Functional Elements of Xylem
  • Structural elements (fibres) provide strength and support.
  • Functional elements (vessels and tracheids) transport water and minerals.

 

  1. Difference between Unidirectional and Bidirectional Transport
  • Xylem transport is unidirectional (roots to leaves).
  • Phloem transport is bidirectional (source to sink).

 

  1. Difference between Epidermis and Endodermis (of root)
  • Epidermis is the outermost layer with root hairs for absorption.
  • Endodermis is the innermost layer of the cortex that regulates material entry to xylem.

 

  1. Difference between Turgid and Flaccid Cells
  • Turgid cells are swollen with water and firm.
  • Flaccid cells have lost water and become limp.

 

  1. Difference between Inorganic and Organic Transport
  • Inorganic transport refers to movement of minerals and water through xylem.
  • Organic transport refers to movement of food (sugars) through phloem.

Assertion and Reason

Each question includes:

  • Assertion (A)
  • Reason (R)
  • Options:
     (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
     (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
     (c) A is true but R is false
     (d) A is false but R is true

 


  1. A: Xylem helps in upward transport of water.
    R: Xylem vessels and tracheids are hollow and lignified.
     Answer: (a)

  2. A: Phloem is responsible for transporting minerals.
    R: Phloem transports water and minerals from roots to leaves.
     Answer: (d)

  3. A: Root hairs are unicellular and help in absorption.
    R: Their large surface area allows efficient water absorption.
     Answer: (a)

  4. A: Water moves from roots to leaves against gravity.
    R: Transpirational pull creates negative pressure in xylem.
     Answer: (a)

  5. A: Transpiration causes water loss in plants.
    R: Water evaporates through stomata in leaves.
     Answer: (a)

 


  1. A: Sieve tubes are living but lack nuclei.
    R: Companion cells control their functions.
     Answer: (a)

  2. A: Active transport requires ATP.
    R: It moves substances from lower to higher concentration.
     Answer: (a)

  3. A: Osmosis occurs from a concentrated solution to a dilute one.
    R: Osmosis is the movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane.
     Answer: (c)

  4. A: Translocation refers to the movement of food.
    R: It occurs in xylem vessels.
     Answer: (c)

  5. A: Diffusion requires energy from the cell.
    R: It is a passive process driven by concentration difference.
     Answer: (d)

 


  1. A: Transpirational pull aids in the ascent of sap.
    R: Water evaporates from leaf surfaces creating suction.
     Answer: (a)

  2. A: Companion cells are present in xylem.
    R: They help in the transport of minerals.
     Answer: (d)

  3. A: Water and minerals move upward through phloem.
    R: Phloem consists of sieve tubes and companion cells.
     Answer: (c)

  4. A: Root pressure is generated by active absorption.
    R: It can push water up small heights.
     Answer: (a)

  5. A: Root hairs are present on the root cap.
    R: Root cap protects the growing root tip.
     Answer: (d)

 


  1. A: Phloem fibres are living.
    R: All parts of phloem are living.
     Answer: (c)

  2. A: Capillarity helps in water movement in narrow tubes.
    R: It is due to adhesion and cohesion of water molecules.
     Answer: (a)

  3. A: Transpiration helps in cooling the plant.
    R: Water evaporating from the surface lowers temperature.
     Answer: (a)

  4. A: Guttation is the loss of water vapour.
    R: Guttation occurs through hydathodes as water droplets.
     Answer: (c)

  5. A: Tracheids and vessels are living cells.
    R: Xylem conducts water through living cells.
     Answer: (d)

 


  1. A: Minerals are absorbed by passive transport only.
    R: Mineral absorption involves active transport using energy.
     Answer: (d)

  2. A: Sieve plates connect sieve tube elements.
    R: They allow flow of food materials.
     Answer: (a)

  3. A: Osmosis occurs in dead cells.
    R: It requires semi-permeable membranes which are absent in dead cells.
     Answer: (d)

  4. A: Water is absorbed through root hairs.
    R: Root hairs increase surface area for absorption.
     Answer: (a)

  5. A: Transpiration occurs during night only.
    R: Stomata are open only in darkness.
     Answer: (d)

 


  1. A: Xylem conducts water and food.
    R: Xylem fibres help in food transport.
     Answer: (d)

  2. A: Stomata are found mostly on upper surface of dicot leaves.
    R: Stomata prevent excessive water loss.
     Answer: (c)

  3. A: Transpiration affects the rate of water absorption.
    R: More transpiration increases suction from roots.
     Answer: (a)

  4. A: Xylem parenchyma stores food.
    R: It is the only living component of xylem.
     Answer: (a)

  5. A: Phloem fibres are used for making ropes.
    R: They are thick-walled and lignified.
     Answer: (a)

 


  1. A: Companion cells assist in movement of food.
    R: They control the functioning of sieve tubes.
     Answer: (a)

  2. A: Transpiration is a wasteful process.
    R: It results in loss of water.
     Answer: (b)

  3. A: Cambium is responsible for secondary growth.
    R: Cambium is present in both xylem and phloem.
     Answer: (b)

  4. A: Ascent of sap occurs due to gravitational pull.
    R: Gravity helps in water movement to leaves.
     Answer: (d)

  5. A: Diffusion is faster in solids than in gases.
    R: Molecules in gases move more freely.
     Answer: (d)

 


  1. A: Root hairs are long and narrow.
    R: This structure increases water absorption.
     Answer: (a)

  2. A: Transpiration helps in distribution of food.
    R: Food is transported via phloem.
     Answer: (c)

  3. A: Water movement in xylem is bidirectional.
    R: Water moves in only one direction – upwards.
     Answer: (d)

  4. A: All parts of phloem are dead tissues.
    R: Phloem fibres are the only dead component.
     Answer: (d)

  5. A: Osmosis is a type of diffusion.
    R: It involves movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane.
     Answer: (a)

 


  1. A: Sieve tubes have a central vacuole and nucleus.
    R: Companion cells help sieve tubes with their nucleus.
     Answer: (c)

  2. A: Transpiration is maximum at noon.
    R: Temperature and sunlight are highest at that time.
     Answer: (a)

  3. A: Phloem has vessels and tracheids.
    R: These structures help in upward transport.
     Answer: (d)

  4. A: Water is lost from leaves only during photosynthesis.
    R: Transpiration occurs all the time when stomata are open.
     Answer: (d)

  5. A: Capillary force is important in tall trees.
    R: It alone helps in lifting water up to the top.
     Answer: (c)

 


  1. A: Active transport does not require energy.
    R: It occurs passively across membranes.
     Answer: (d)

  2. A: Root pressure occurs at night or early morning.
    R: Transpiration rate is very low at that time.
     Answer: (a)

  3. A: Phloem functions only during the day.
    R: Translocation of food happens even at night.
     Answer: (d)

  4. A: Minerals are absorbed by simple diffusion.
    R: Their uptake requires metabolic energy.
     Answer: (d)

  5. A: Phloem conducts food in downward direction only.
    R: Movement in phloem is bidirectional.
     Answer: (d)

True or False

  1. Xylem conducts water and dissolved minerals from roots to all parts of the plant.
     True


  2. Phloem transports water in plants.
     False


  3. Transpiration occurs only during the night.
     False


  4. Root hairs increase the surface area for absorption.
     True


  5. Active transport requires energy in the form of ATP.
     True


  6. Osmosis is the movement of water from higher concentration to lower concentration through a permeable membrane.
     False


  7. Transpiration helps in cooling the plant.
     True


  8. Xylem vessels are living cells.
     False


  9. Tracheids are elongated cells that help in water conduction.
     True


  10. Companion cells are associated with sieve tubes.
     True


  11. Phloem fibres are dead at maturity.
     True


  12. Diffusion requires cellular energy.
     False


  13. Sieve plates are found in phloem.
     True


  14. The xylem parenchyma stores food and helps in lateral conduction.
     True


  15. Transpirational pull is a force developed in xylem due to transpiration.
     True


  16. The rate of transpiration is reduced by wind.
     False


  17. Water is absorbed by leaves from the atmosphere.
     False


  18. Root pressure helps in the upward movement of water.
     True


  19. Stomata are mainly found on the upper surface of leaves.
     False


  20. Capillary force contributes to the ascent of sap.
     True


  21. Phloem transports food in only one direction.
     False


  22. Osmosis is a type of passive transport.
     True


  23. Xylem sclerenchyma provides mechanical strength.
     True


  24. Food is transported from source to sink through xylem.
     False


  25. Phloem consists of dead tissues only.
     False


  26. Transpiration occurs through lenticels and stomata.
     True


  27. Cohesion is the force of attraction between water molecules.
     True


  28. Adhesion is the attraction between water and xylem walls.
     True


  29. Transpiration decreases during hot and dry conditions.
     False


  30. Root hairs are made of multicellular structures.
     False


  31. The loss of water vapour from aerial parts of a plant is called transpiration.
     True


  32. The movement of food through phloem is called translocation.
     True


  33. Water always moves from lower water potential to higher water potential.
     False


  34. The conducting tissues in plants are known as vascular tissues.
     True


  35. Guttation occurs due to root pressure.
     True


  36. Root cap helps in the absorption of water.
     False


  37. Xylem and phloem form the vascular bundles.
     True


  38. Phloem parenchyma helps in the conduction of water.
     False


  39. Transpiration rate is unaffected by humidity.
     False


  40. Phloem is responsible for two-way conduction.
     True


  41. Xylem transports water upward only.
     True


  42. Transport of minerals is a passive process.
     False


  43. The main function of stomata is gaseous exchange and transpiration.
     True


  44. Xylem fibres help in the storage of food.
     False


  45. Water absorption is maximum in the root hair zone.
     True


  46. Water moves into root hair by osmosis.
     True


  47. Stomatal transpiration is more than cuticular transpiration.
     True


  48. Mesophyll cells are responsible for water loss in transpiration.
     True


  49. Transpiration helps in upward transport of water by creating suction.
     True


  50. Transport in plants occurs due to muscular movements.
     False

Long Answer Questions

  1. Explain the structure and function of xylem.
    Xylem consists of four components: tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma, and xylem fibres. Tracheids and vessels are tubular structures that help in conduction of water and minerals. Xylem parenchyma stores food and assists in lateral conduction. Xylem fibres provide mechanical support. Xylem conducts water and minerals from roots to the aerial parts of the plant.


  2. Explain the structure and function of phloem.
    Phloem is made up of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, and phloem fibres. Sieve tubes conduct food, companion cells assist the sieve tubes, phloem parenchyma stores food, and phloem fibres give mechanical support. Phloem transports food from the leaves to all other parts of the plant.


  3. Describe the process of water absorption by roots.
    Water is absorbed by root hairs through osmosis. The root hairs are in contact with soil water, which has a higher water concentration than the root cell sap. This causes water to enter the root hairs by osmosis. The water then moves cell to cell till it reaches the xylem.


  4. Define and explain transpiration. Why is it important?
    Transpiration is the loss of water vapour from the aerial parts of the plant, mainly through stomata. It is important because it helps in the ascent of sap, maintains turgidity, facilitates cooling, and helps in the distribution of minerals.


  5. Explain the different components of xylem with their functions.
    Tracheids: Elongated dead cells for water conduction.
    Vessels: Tubular dead cells for efficient water conduction.
    Xylem Parenchyma: Living cells for storage and lateral conduction.
    Xylem Fibres: Dead supportive cells for mechanical strength.

  6. Explain the different components of phloem with their functions.
    Sieve Tubes: Conduct food.
    Companion Cells: Assist sieve tubes in conduction.
    Phloem Parenchyma: Stores food and helps in transport.
    Phloem Fibres: Provide mechanical strength, dead at maturity.

  7. Write a note on root hairs and their function.
    Root hairs are thin, elongated outgrowths of epidermal cells that increase the surface area of the root. They absorb water and minerals from the soil, mostly by osmosis.


  8. What is the difference between xylem and phloem in terms of function and structure?
    Xylem transports water and minerals upward and is mostly composed of dead tissues, including tracheids and vessels. Phloem transports food in both directions and is mostly made of living tissues like sieve tubes and companion cells.


  9. Describe osmosis and its role in plants.
    Osmosis is the movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to lower water concentration. It helps in water absorption by root hairs.


  10. Explain diffusion with an example in plants.
    Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to low concentration. For example, the exchange of gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide in leaves occurs by diffusion.


  11. What is active transport? How is it different from diffusion?
    Active transport is the movement of substances against a concentration gradient using energy. Unlike diffusion, it requires ATP and moves substances from low to high concentration.


  12. What is transpirational pull? How is it created?
    Transpirational pull is the suction force developed in the xylem due to continuous water loss from leaves through transpiration. It helps pull water upward from roots to leaves.


  13. What is ascent of sap and which forces contribute to it?
    Ascent of sap is the upward movement of water and minerals from roots to aerial parts. It is caused by root pressure, transpirational pull, adhesion, cohesion, and capillary action.


  14. Explain the importance of transpiration.
    Transpiration helps in:
    Ascent of sap
    Cooling the plant
    Distribution of minerals
    Maintaining turgidity in cells
  15. What is root pressure and how does it aid transport?
    Root pressure is the pressure developed in root xylem due to continuous water absorption. It pushes water upward through the xylem and contributes to the ascent of sap, especially at night.


  16. How does capillary force help in transport in plants?
    Capillary force causes water to rise in narrow xylem vessels due to adhesion and cohesion. This force supports the movement of water against gravity.


  17. Discuss the factors affecting the rate of transpiration.
    Factors include:
    Temperature (higher temp increases rate)
    Humidity (higher humidity decreases rate)
    Wind (increases rate)
    Light intensity (more light increases rate)
    Type and number of stomata

  18. Why are minerals important for plants?
    Minerals are essential for plant growth and metabolism. For example, nitrogen is needed for protein synthesis, phosphorus for energy transfer, and potassium for enzyme activity.


  19. Explain the movement of water from soil to leaves.
    Water is absorbed by root hairs via osmosis, moves through the cortex to the xylem, then upward through xylem vessels due to root pressure, capillary force, and transpirational pull, reaching the leaves.


  20. What is meant by transport of food in plants?
    The transport of food, or translocation, is the movement of sugars from the leaves (source) to other parts of the plant (sink) through the phloem.


  21. What are stomata and what role do they play in transpiration?
    Stomata are small pores mainly on the lower surface of leaves. They control gas exchange and regulate the loss of water vapour during transpiration.


  22. Describe the structure of sieve tubes and their function.
    Sieve tubes are elongated, living cells without a nucleus. They have perforated ends (sieve plates) and are aided by companion cells. They transport food.


  23. Differentiate between diffusion and osmosis.
    Diffusion: Movement of particles from high to low concentration, no membrane required.
     Osmosis: Movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from high to low concentration.


  24. What is the role of companion cells in phloem?
    Companion cells help sieve tubes in the transport of food by maintaining pressure and providing energy.


  25. Explain the importance of translocation.
    Translocation ensures food produced in leaves is transported to growing parts, storage organs, and roots, ensuring plant growth and development.


  26. Why is phloem considered a two-way conducting tissue?
    Phloem transports food from leaves to roots and from storage organs to growing parts, thus functioning in both directions.


  27. Why is xylem considered a one-way conducting tissue?
    Xylem conducts water and minerals only in the upward direction from roots to leaves.


  28. What is the function of xylem fibres?
    Xylem fibres are dead cells that provide mechanical support to the plant.


  29. How does transpiration help in nutrient transport?
    Transpiration creates a pull that helps in the upward movement of minerals dissolved in water from roots to leaves.


  30. Describe the movement of minerals in plants.
    Minerals are absorbed by root hairs via active transport and are transported upward with water through xylem to all parts of the plant.


  31. What is meant by the source and sink in phloem transport?
    Source is where food is made (leaves); sink is where food is used or stored (roots, fruits, growing parts).


  32. How is water transported in tall trees?
    Water is transported via xylem using forces like root pressure, capillary action, cohesion, adhesion, and strong transpirational pull.


  33. Why does a plant wilt when there is no water?
    Lack of water reduces turgor pressure in cells, making the plant lose rigidity and wilt.


  34. Explain the process of translocation of food in phloem.
    Food prepared in leaves enters the sieve tubes, is pushed by pressure from companion cells, and moves to storage organs and growing parts.


  35. Describe lenticular and cuticular transpiration.
    Lenticular transpiration occurs through lenticels in stems. Cuticular transpiration occurs through the waxy cuticle layer on leaves.


  36. What is turgor pressure and how is it maintained?
    Turgor pressure is the pressure of cell contents against the cell wall, maintained by water uptake through osmosis.


  37. What will happen if there is no transpiration?
    Water transport will be affected, mineral distribution will reduce, the plant will overheat, and wilting may occur.


  38. Explain the role of cohesion and adhesion in water transport.
    Cohesion keeps water molecules together; adhesion helps water stick to xylem walls. Together they aid upward movement of water.


  39. Why do desert plants transpire less?
    Desert plants have adaptations like fewer stomata and thick cuticles to reduce water loss.


  40. How do light and temperature affect transpiration?
    Light opens stomata and increases transpiration. Higher temperature increases evaporation, thus increasing transpiration.


  41. What is the importance of semi-permeable membranes in osmosis?
    They allow only water molecules to pass through, ensuring directional water movement essential for plant functions.


  42. Explain how root hairs absorb minerals.
    Root hairs absorb minerals by active transport, using energy to move minerals from soil to root cells against concentration gradient.


  43. Why is transpiration considered a necessary evil?
    While it causes water loss, transpiration is essential for nutrient transport, cooling, and maintaining plant structure.


  44. Describe a simple experiment to show transpiration.
    Cover a leafy twig with a plastic bag and tie it. After some time, water droplets appear due to transpiration.


  45. Why are xylem vessels more efficient than tracheids?
    Xylem vessels are wider, continuous tubes allowing faster and more efficient water transport than narrower, less connected tracheids.


  46. What happens to transpiration on a humid day?
    It decreases because the air is already saturated with water vapour, reducing evaporation.


  47. What is the function of the cortex in root?
    Cortex stores food and helps in the passage of water and minerals from root hairs to the xylem.


  48. Explain the structure of root hair and its significance.
    Root hair is a thin, elongated outgrowth of epidermal cells that increases the surface area for water and mineral absorption.


  49. How does wind affect the rate of transpiration?
    Wind removes water vapour around stomata, increasing the rate of transpiration.


  50. How does transpiration help in temperature regulation in plants?
     As water evaporates during transpiration, it absorbs heat, thus cooling the plant surface.

Give Reasons

  1. Root hairs are thin-walled and long.
    Reason: To increase surface area for maximum water and mineral absorption.


  2. Xylem is considered a conducting tissue.
    Reason: It transports water and minerals from roots to the aerial parts of the plant.


  3. Phloem is made up of living cells.
    Reason: Because the transport of food requires metabolic energy, which living cells can provide.


  4. Xylem fibres are dead tissues.
    Reason: Their main function is to provide mechanical support, not conduction.


  5. Phloem transports food in both directions.
    Reason: Food is needed in growing parts and storage organs which may be located above or below the leaves.


  6. Tracheids and vessels are tubular in structure.
    Reason: To allow free and continuous flow of water through the plant.


  7. Transpiration mainly occurs through stomata.
    Reason: Because stomata are the major openings on leaf surfaces that allow water vapour to escape.


  8. Root pressure occurs mostly at night.
    Reason: Because transpiration is low or absent at night, so root pressure helps push water upward.


  9. Water enters root hair cells by osmosis.
    Reason: The cell sap of root hairs is more concentrated than the surrounding soil water.


  10. Active transport requires energy.
    Reason: It moves substances against the concentration gradient.


  11. Plants wilt during midday.
    Reason: Due to high transpiration and water loss exceeding absorption.


  12. Transpiration helps in cooling the plant.
    Reason: Evaporation of water from plant surfaces absorbs heat, reducing temperature.


  13. Phloem parenchyma stores food.
    Reason: It acts as a temporary storage organ in the transport system.


  14. Companion cells are essential for sieve tubes.
    Reason: Sieve tubes lack nuclei and depend on companion cells for metabolic support.


  15. Vessels are more efficient than tracheids.
    Reason: They are wider and form continuous tubes for faster conduction of water.


  16. Root hairs die easily in dry soil.
    Reason: Lack of water causes them to shrivel and lose function.


  17. Diffusion does not require energy.
    Reason: It is a passive process that occurs due to concentration differences.


  18. Plants lose most water through transpiration.
    Reason: It occurs continuously through the large surface area of leaves.


  19. Plants need mineral salts.
    Reason: Minerals are essential for plant growth and various metabolic functions.


  20. Ascent of sap is faster during the day.
    Reason: Due to higher transpiration rates in the presence of sunlight.


  21. Xylem vessels lack cytoplasm.
    Reason: Dead cells with empty lumen allow faster water conduction.


  22. Leaves with more stomata transpire more.
    Reason: More openings increase the surface area for water loss.


  23. Stomata close during night.
    Reason: To conserve water when photosynthesis is not occurring.


  24. Capillary force works in narrow tubes.
    Reason: Adhesion and cohesion are more effective in narrow spaces.


  25. Root hairs are located near the root tip.
    Reason: The region is young, thin-walled, and efficient in absorption.


  26. Translocation is essential in plants.
    Reason: To distribute food from leaves to growing and storage parts.


  27. Sieve tubes have sieve plates.
    Reason: They allow movement of food between sieve tube elements.


  28. Xylem and phloem are called vascular tissues.
    Reason: Because they form the plant’s transport system for water and food.


  29. Leaves become flaccid when transpiration is high.
    Reason: Excess water loss reduces turgor pressure in leaf cells.


  30. Plants die if roots are waterlogged.
    Reason: Lack of oxygen inhibits respiration, affecting root function.


  31. Plants in dry areas have sunken stomata.
    Reason: To reduce transpiration and conserve water.


  32. Phloem fibres are dead cells.
    Reason: Their function is structural support, not transport.


  33. Minerals are absorbed by active transport.
    Reason: They are taken in against their concentration gradient using energy.


  34. Root pressure cannot lift water in tall trees alone.
    Reason: It is a weak force; transpirational pull is the main factor.


  35. Osmosis occurs through a semi-permeable membrane.
    Reason: It only allows selective movement of water molecules.


  36. More transpiration occurs in windy conditions.
    Reason: Wind removes moisture around leaves, increasing evaporation.


  37. Transpiration is reduced in high humidity.
    Reason: Air is already saturated with moisture, reducing water loss.


  38. Stomata are mostly on the lower leaf surface.
    Reason: To reduce direct exposure to sunlight and conserve water.


  39. Plants with thick cuticle transpire less.
    Reason: The cuticle acts as a barrier to water loss.


  40. Wilting is reversible in early stages.
    Reason: Water absorption can restore turgidity if the plant is rehydrated in time.


  41. Water moves from roots to leaves.
    Reason: Due to a combination of root pressure, capillarity, and transpirational pull.


  42. Root hairs have a large vacuole.
    Reason: To store cell sap which helps in drawing water by osmosis.


  43. Sieve tubes are dependent on companion cells.
    Reason: They lack essential cell structures and rely on companion cells for functioning.


  44. Soil water must be dilute for efficient absorption.
    Reason: A concentration gradient is necessary for osmosis into root cells.


  45. Plants with more surface area transpire more.
    Reason: More surface means more stomata and increased evaporation.


  46. Minerals cannot be absorbed by diffusion.
    Reason: Concentration of minerals in soil is often lower than in root cells.


  47. Xylem transport is unidirectional.
    Reason: Water and minerals move only from roots to other plant parts.


  48. Turgidity is essential for plant structure.
    Reason: It maintains rigidity and prevents drooping of leaves and stems.


  49. Lenticels help in gaseous exchange.
    Reason: They are porous structures on stems allowing gas exchange.


  50. Stomata open during the day.
     Reason: To allow exchange of gases needed for photosynthesis.

Arrange the Words 

Case Studies

Case Study 1
 A potted plant was kept in a room for three days without water. The leaves drooped, and the plant appeared dull.
 Q1: What process was affected first due to lack of water?
 Answer: Transpiration

Q2: Which tissue failed to supply water to leaves?
 Answer: Xylem

 

Case Study 2
 A student placed a wilted plant in water. After a few hours, the plant regained its firmness.
 Q1: Which cellular condition caused the plant to become firm again?
 Answer: Turgidity

Q2: What process allowed water to enter the cells?
 Answer: Osmosis

 

Case Study 3
 During a science experiment, a student placed a root in saline water. The plant began to wilt.
 Q1: Why did the plant start to wilt?
 Answer: Water moved out of the root cells due to osmosis

Q2: What type of solution was the saline water?
 Answer: Hypertonic

 

Case Study 4
 A tree was cut and a colored dye was added to its base. After a few hours, the dye was seen in the leaves.
 Q1: Through which tissue did the dye travel?
 Answer: Xylem

Q2: What process caused this movement?
 Answer: Ascent of sap

 

Case Study 5
 A plant kept under a fan shows faster drying of soil and wilting of leaves.
 Q1: Which process increased due to the fan?
 Answer: Transpiration

Q2: Name the force generated by this process that helps water move upward.
 Answer: Transpirational pull

 

Case Study 6
 A student observed water droplets at the tips of leaves early in the morning.
 Q1: What is this process called?
 Answer: Guttation

Q2: What caused the pressure behind this?
 Answer: Root pressure

 

Case Study 7
 Leaves of a plant are covered with petroleum jelly. The plant wilts after some time.
 Q1: Which structure was blocked due to the jelly?
 Answer: Stomata

Q2: What essential process was disrupted?
 Answer: Transpiration

 

Case Study 8
 A plant growing in sandy soil showed poor growth and yellowing of leaves.
 Q1: Which essential component might be lacking in the soil?
 Answer: Minerals

Q2: Through which process are minerals absorbed actively?
 Answer: Active transport

 

Case Study 9
 A young plant in a transparent pot shows white hair-like projections on roots.
 Q1: What are these structures called?
 Answer: Root hairs

Q2: State their function.
 Answer: Absorption of water and minerals

 

Case Study 10
 An experiment shows sugar solution moving through sieve tubes in one direction.
 Q1: Which plant tissue is involved here?
 Answer: Phloem

Q2: What is this process called?
 Answer: Translocation

 

Case Study 11
 In a lab experiment, two tubes are taken—one with living roots and one with boiled roots. Water absorption is only seen in the first.
 Q1: What type of absorption is seen in living roots?
 Answer: Active transport

Q2: Why did the boiled roots fail?
 Answer: Boiling killed the root cells, stopping energy-driven absorption

 

Case Study 12
 A desert plant shows very few stomata and thick cuticle.
 Q1: Why is transpiration low in this plant?
 Answer: To conserve water

Q2: What adaptation helps reduce water loss?
 Answer: Thick cuticle and fewer stomata

 

Case Study 13
 A tall tree transports water from roots to the top branches.
 Q1: Which physical force contributes to this transport?
 Answer: Capillary force

Q2: Which tissue helps in this transport?
 Answer: Xylem

 

Case Study 14
 An experiment uses cobalt chloride paper on leaves to test transpiration.
 Q1: What color change indicates water vapor?
 Answer: Blue to pink

Q2: What does this confirm?
 Answer: Transpiration through stomata

 

Case Study 15
 A seedling is placed in a weak sugar solution. Water enters the root cells.
 Q1: What process allowed water movement?
 Answer: Osmosis

Q2: What type of solution was the sugar solution?
 Answer: Hypotonic

 

Case Study 16
 A phloem-injured plant shows swelling above the injury and shrinking below it.
 Q1: What caused the swelling?
 Answer: Accumulation of food above the injury

Q2: Which process was blocked?
 Answer: Translocation

 

Case Study 17
 A student puts a plant in a humid chamber. Water loss reduces.
 Q1: Which factor affected transpiration?
 Answer: Humidity

Q2: How does high humidity affect transpiration?
 Answer: Decreases it

 

Case Study 18
 A plant with damaged root hairs fails to absorb water.
 Q1: What is the primary role of root hairs?
 Answer: Absorption of water and minerals

Q2: Why are root hairs thin-walled?
 Answer: To allow easy diffusion of water

 

Case Study 19
 A plant is provided minerals through a nutrient solution.
 Q1: Through which part do minerals enter?
 Answer: Root hairs

Q2: Which mechanism is used for mineral absorption?
 Answer: Active transport

 

Case Study 20
 Leaves of a plant feel cooler in the afternoon than surrounding air.
 Q1: Which process is responsible for this cooling?
 Answer: Transpiration

Q2: What is the significance of this effect?
 Answer: Maintains temperature and prevents overheating

Numericals

Numeric problems are not available for this chapter.

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